Anatomy&Physiology Final

Frage	Antworten
which organ system is composed of glands that secrete hormones into the blood and regulate growth and reproduction?	endocrine system
which directional term indicates the front side of the body?	anterior (ventral)
A mother breastfeeds her infant. As long as the baby suckles at the breast, the mother's mammary glands produce milk. Suckling, the stimulus, increases milk production, the response. This is an ex of?	a positive feedback loop
which of the following is the most abundant type of connective tissue found in the skeletal system?	hyaline cartilage
a protein embedded in the plasma membrane that catalyzes a reaction is known as a?	enzymatic protein
why is the top layer of stratified squamous composed of dead cells?	diffusion transports nutrients from the dermis to lower epithelial layers only
cyanosis is due to	a lack of oxygenated hemoglobin
what is the smaller cavity within the thoracic cavity that houses the heart?	mediastinum
simple squamous epithelium is found lining the ____ because its structure allows for ____	lungs , diffusion
what type of cell junction would most likely prevent water from flowing between cells?	tight junctions
which type of skin cancer is the most dangerous and deadly?	melanoma
sweat glands and sebaceous glands are both example of ____ glands	exocrine
which of the following tissue types are avascular?	all of the above
Dr. Mitchell performs open heart surgery. The incision he makes through the sternal region of his patients divides the thoracic cavity into equal left and right parts. The incision must be made along a:	Midsagittal plane
carbon dioxide is a small gas molecule that moves through the phospholipid bilayer with its concentration gradient by?	simple diffusion
which type of specialized connective tissue has a liquid ECM?	blood
the hand is also known as the?	manual region
which type of specialized connective tissue is found in the external ears?	elastic cartilage
which unicellular exocrine gland is responsible for mucus secretion?	goblet cell
which type of cell breaks down the ECM of bone?	osteoclast
what type of connective tissue is found in the dermis of the skin?	dense irregular connective tissue
mitosis occurs in which of the following areas?	nail matrix and hair matrix
respiratory passageways, such as the trachea, are lined with?	pseudostratified ciliated columnar
what type of tissue lines the esophagous?	nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
what general tissue type binds, supports, and protects the body?	connective
what protein in the epidermis makes it tough and waterproof?	keratin
in which stratum of the epidermis does mitosis occur?	basale
You examine a tissue slide through the microscope and recognize one layer of cells that are mostly tall and elongated. You determine this tissue to be?	simple columnar epithelium
most cell culture labs use a 0.9% phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution. This solution is unlikely to kill or harm cells because it is?	isotonic
which glands are found only in the axillary and anogenital region?	apocrine sweat glands
which of the following is NOT a location of reticular tissue?	tendons
connective tissues proper contains cells that produce protein fibers. these cells are known as?	fibroblasts
in laboratory, you study tissues. this area of study is known as?	histology
a white blood cell engulfs a bacterium through a vesicular transport process called?	phagocytosis
from deep to superficial, what is the correct order of the 5 layers of the epidermis?	stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum
what is the smallest level of structural organization in the human body? The level of organization is important to understanding physiology of the body?	chemical level
which of the following is not true concerning anatomical position?	anatomical position is not important in for medical reference.
which of the following membranes is not correctly matched its function?	mucous membrane - secretes digestive enzymes
which of the following is NOT a function of the skin?	vitamin A synthesis
the back of the head is known as the?	occipital region
which of the following is an appropriate skin response to cold?	dermal blood vessel vasoconstrict
which organ system is lined by transitional epithelium to accommodate stretching?	urinary system
which of the following is the name of a mature cartilage cell that resides with in a small cavity in the ECM called a lacunae?	chondrocytes
the serous membrane that covers the lungs is called the?	visceral pleura
the fingers are __ to the elbow	distal
which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?	Communication
which of the following is not a difference between long bones and flat bones?	both types of bones have epiphyses
which membrane layer covers the trabeculae of spongy bone?	endosteum
which of the following is not part of the axial skeleton	hip bones
flat bones make up the ___ and ling bones make up the ___?	cranial cavity, arms
the process of bones increasing in thickness is known as ___?	appositional growth
which of the following factors lead to bone deposition?	all of the above
which cells produce myelin in the CNS?	oligodendrocytes
which of the following muscles is most likely to use the aerobic pathway as its primary energy source ?	postural muscles in the back
which type of arthritis is caused by the bodies own immune system attacking joints?	rheumatoid arthritis
an immune response that affects the myelin coating on axons throughout the spinal cord and brain, triggering inflammation and leaving scars is?	multiple sclerosis
a synchondrosis unite bones with ___ while symphysis unite bones with _____?	hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage
in response to low blood calcium, the ___ secretes _____?	parathyroid gland, PTH
which of the following is not a type of fibrous joint?	synchondrosis
masses of myelinated axons in the CNS appear ____ and are celled ______?	white, tracts
which of the following best represents the functional classifications of joints ranked from least movable to most movable?	synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diathrosis
which of the following components of a synovial joint functions to connect bone to bone?	ligament
within the epiphyseal plate, which zone houses actively dividing chondrocytes?	zone of proliferation
the functional units of a skeletal muscle contraction are?	sarcomeres
resistance exercises	increase the size of muscle fibers
a pathway of ATP production the results in the formation of lactic acid when oxygen is not present?	glycolytic pathway
the _____ allows the ______ of the bones to increase in length	epiphyseal plate , diaphysis
which of the following cells is found only in the PNS ?	satellite cell
which letter on the graph represents the opening of voltage - gated sodium channels? Image: Unnamed (binary/octet-stream)	B
During excitation-contraction coupling _____ are released from the _____.	calcium ions, sarcoplasmic reticulum
which of the following has the connective tissue coverings in the correct order from outside to the inside of a whole muscle?	epimysium, perimysium, endomyosium
which type of synovial joint is capable of rotation?	pivot joint
which of following is NOT a method for termination of a synaptic transmission?	decomposition
the shoulder joint is an example of a ____ joint and has _____ movement?	ball-and-socket, multiaxial joint
what component of a synovial joint lubricates the joint, supplies nutrients and removes metabolic wastes, and absorbs shock?	synovial fluid
a decrease in which hormone during menopause leads to higher risks of osteoporosis in women?	estrogen
the increase in the number of motor units activated as a result of more intense stimulation is called?	recruitment
the conducting region of a neuron is the ?	axon
which statement best describes the function of myoglobin?	myoglobin stores oxygen in muscle cells
three general functions of the nervous system are ?	integrative, motor, and sensory
the neurotransmitter that sends pain signals to the brain is?	substance P
Intramembranous ossification occurs in ?	skull bones
April falls off a trampoline and breaks her arm. at the hospital the doctor says that the bone did not break all the way through and did not penetrate the skin. this is an example of a ?	simple, incomplete facture
when an action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic terminal?	voltage - gated calcium channels open
all of the following will increase muscle tension except?	allowing the muscle fiber to completely relax after each stimulus
correctly order the following key steps in the process of endochondral ossification?	B. 4,1,2,3
which of the following are NOT components of an osteon?	trabeculae
which of the following is not a function of articulations?	produce hormones that maintain blood calcium levels
the neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junctions is?	acetylcholine
when the body is in anatomical position most of the joints in the body are?	extended
after a bone breakers the first step of repair is?	formation of a hematoma
a neuron receives a stimulation that causes Cl- channels to open, resulting in a hyper hyperpolarization of the neuronal membrane. This situation is an example of?	inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
most of the neurons in the body are?	multipolar
during a muscle contraction in a skeletal muscle fiber?	myosin pulls actin myofilaments towards the M line
the most rapid conduction of an impulse along an axon occurs on a fiber that is?	thick and myelinated
which of the following describes fast-twitch muscle fibers?	abundant glycogen
the Na+/K+ pump helps a muscle cell and neurons maintain a?	resting membrane potential
which of the following is part of the CNS?	Brain and spinal cord
smooth muscle contraction differs from skeletal muscle contraction because?	all of the above
during cross-bridge cycling, what allows myosin to break the cross-bridge with actin?	ATP binds to the myosin head
there are ___ spinal nerves	31 pairs
if stomach acids enter the esophagus this will lead to a burning sensation felt in the chest region rather than in deeper areas where the esophagus is located, this is called?	referred pain
which of following is the main parasympathetic nerve?	Vagus nerve (X)
soon after getting botox injections may have difficulty making normal facial expression. this is because the ____ nerve has been affected?	facial
all of the following are cranial nerves that are all (or mostly) sensory except?	Hypoglossal (XII)
you are walking barefoot in the sand and you step on a piece of glass with your right foot. You immediately feel pain in the plantar region of your right foot and lift it off the ground this requires?	withdraw reflex and crossed-extension reflex
which mechanoreceptors detect muscle tension?	Golgi tendens
which level of motor control is not correctly matched ?	precommand level - involuntary movement
conduction hearing loss can be cause by all of the following except?	damage to hair cells in the cochlea
the peripheral nervous system contains which type of neurons?	motor neurons and sensory neurons
the ____ connective tissue layer bundles axons into _____?	perineurium, fascicles
the axillary nerve?	all of the above innervates the deltoid muscle, teres minor muscle, and skin above the deltoid
all of the following form plexuses except?	thoracic nerves
you may not notice the you are wearing rings because some receptors in you skin, such as ____, are ______.	pacinian corpuscles, rapidly adapting
______ are found in joints and send signals to the _____ for muscle coordination?	proprioceptors, cerebellum
first order sensory neurons are _____ and their cell bodies are located in ______?	pseudonipolar, dorsal root ganglion
which receptors can respond to temperature?	all of the above thermoreceptors and nociceptors
which type of papillae cover the greatest portion of the tongue (anterior and middle)?	fungiform
put the steps of gustation in correct order: 1. an action potential occurs in a sensory neuron 2. gustatory cells depolarize 3. chemicals dissolve in saliva 4. voltage-gated ion channels open 5. neurotransmitters are released from gustatory cells	3,2,4,5,1
sense of taste is carried to the brain by all of the following except?	hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
which of the following is not true of olfactory neurons?	they are replaced via mitosis by support cells
which of the following is not rick of anosmia?	enhancement of taste
which portion of the ear is not involved in equilibrium?	cochlea
information about the body'a position in space comes from ______ and is sent to the cerebellum?	all of the above vestibular apparatus, proprioceptors, photoreceptors
the ______ is controlled by parasympathetic NS and ____ the size of the pupil	pupillary sphincter, decreases
the axons of these cells forms the optic nerve?	retinal ganglion cells
Parkinson's disease is caused by?	decrease in dopamine levels
during which stage of sleep does most dreaming occur?	REM stage
which ventricle is located between the pons and the cerebellum?	fourth
when walking into a bright light out of darkness?	visual acuity remains low
photoreceptor cells are _____ in the dark?	depolarized
which step in the visual pathway is not correct?	3. visual stimuli is sent to the cerebellum, which controls visual reflexes
the fluid with in the membraneous labyrinth is?	endolymph
which part of the brain is responsible for fine-tuning motor programs by reducing motor error as movements are repeated ?	cerebellum
the spiral organs contains _____ that allow sound waves to be _____ into electrical signals?	hair cells, transduced
the primary auditory cortex is located in the?	temporal lobe
the purpose of the ossicle is to?	transmits and amplify sound
this complex network of gray matter is located in the brainstem and activates wakefulness in the cerebral cortex.	what is reticular formation?
the subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?	arachnoid and pia
which area of the body takes up a disproportionately large part of the primary motor cortex?	hand
the hippocampus and amygdala are parts of the?	limbic system
which brain structure functions to control the autonomic nervous system and to regulate body temperature?	hypothalamus
the somatosensory cortex is locate on the -______ lobe of the cerebrum?	parietal
which of the following is a descending tracts in spinal cord?	Corticospinal
the thalamus is the gateway to the cerebral cortex, all the incoming sensory information travels through the thalamus with the exception of ?	smell
where are the cell bodies of lower motor neurons located?	anterior horn of spinal gray matter
vital reflexes for the control of respiration ( rate and depth of breathing) are located in the ______?	medulla oblongata
at what point in the brain do most tracts decussate (cross-over)?	medulla oblongata
which lobe of your brain are you using when you answer the question?	frontal
if the area of the cerebral hemisphere corresponding to Broca's area is damaged?	motor control of the muscles associated with speeches lost
Which type of exocrine glands secrete products by exocytosis?	merocrine
Which of the following types of protein fibers are found in the extracellular matrix?	All of the above collagen, reticular, elastin
Which of the following is a function of simple squamous?	diffusion and filtration
Which of the following tissues is highly vascularized?	bone
which type of tissue is excitable?	muscle and nervous
Which of the following is not a characteristic of epithelial tissues?	Cells are surrounded by lots of extracellular matrix (ECM).
Which of the following is not true of the periosteum?	It is found only on long bones
Which of the following is an example of a sesamoid bone?	patella
Which of the following cell types is not found in the epidermis?	fibroblasts
Which layer in the epidermis is the thickest?	stratum corneum
The long narrow shaft of a long bone is also called the	diaphysis
The hypodermis	anchors the skin to muscles, is not part of the cutaneous membrane, has mostly adipose tissue
Which hormone released by the thyroid helps control blood calcium?	calcitonin
Which of the following is not a risk factor associated with osteoporosis?	excess exposure to sunlight
Initially the fetal skeleton is composed mostly of	hyaline cartilage
Hematopoiesis occurs in the	red bone marrow
Which term describes a bone that is broken all the way across the diaphysis?	complete fracture
In endochondral ossification, the primary ossification site is located in the ____ and the secondary ossification sites are located in the _____.	diaphysis, epiphyses
The first step in bone repair is	formation of a hematoma
which type of joint uses fibrocartilage to connect bones together?	symphysis
Which type of joint connects teeth to their socket?	gomphosis
Which of the following is an example of a hinge joint?	elbow
The outer layer of the articular (joint) capsule is made of	dense irregular CT
Which muscle layer covers the entire muscle?	epimysium
Which type of muscle is striated?	cardiac skeletal
The function unit of a muscle is the	sarcomere
What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?	store and release Ca2+
A motor unit is composed of	a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers innervated
Fused tetanus occurs in response to	when there is no relaxation at all between high frequency stimuli
During a ________ contraction, the muscle neither lengthens nor shortens.	isometric
Which of the following methods produces the most ATP?	aerobic respiration
Which types of muscle fibers are used to maintain posture?	slow oxidative fibers
The force of a contraction is influenced by all of the following factors except	the shape of the muscle
In response to exercise which of the following will occur to skeletal muscles?	increase in the number of mitochondria an increase in myoglobin an increase in blood supply via capillaries
Which of the following is true of smooth muscle?	Calcium ions bind to calmodulin
Unitary smooth muscle is found	in the walls of hollow organs, like the stomach.
These neuroglia cells line ventricles in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord.	ependymal cells
A local potential will only lead to an action potential if _____ is reached.	threshold
All motor neurons are	multipolar
When one neuron influences 100s of other neurons this is known as	a diverging circuit
In the PNS myelinated is provided by	Schwann cells
Neurons that send the fastest impulses	have a thick diameter are thickly myelinated are classified as group A fibers
During repolarization which ion channels open?	voltage-gated K+ channels
Which neurotransmitter is generally inhibitory on the CNS?	GABA
On the action potential graph, which letter indicated hyperpolarization? Image: Unnamed (binary/octet-stream)	D
Which fibers connect the right and left hemispheres of the brain to each other?	commissural fibers
Which meningeal layer is the deepest?	pia mater
Sensory information enters the spinal cord via the	dorsal root
Which brain waves would you expect to find in an adult who is awake and alert?	beta
Which of the following is NOT an ascending tract in the spinal cord?	corticospinal tract

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Anatomy&Physiology Final

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