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- 1sperling (1960)capacity& duration in the sensory register
- 2sperlings study AIMinvestigate duration and capacity of the sensory register
- 3METHODparticipants were flashed 3x4 grid of letters onto a screen for 50 milliseconds
-asked participants to recall as many letters as they could remember
participants had to recall single rows of letters when particular tones were heard
(e.g., High tone- top row, medium- middle, low -bottom) - 4RESULTSwhen participants were asked to recall as many letters as they could (participants could remember approx. 4 letters)
single row of letters (recalled 3 average items - the items decayed rapidly) - 5conclusioncapacity of SR is a minimum of 4 items
Duration is between 250-500milliseconds (1/5 or 1/2 of a sec)
THE IMAGE OF THE ITEM FADES DURING 50ms & TIME IT TAKES TO REPORT BACK RECALLED ITEMS (*it could be much larger than 4 items) - 6evaluation HIGH CONTROLp- lab experiment - high control over extraneous v
e- all p had same experience, shown the same letters for the same amount of time, given same standardised instructions (environment that is highly controlled)
E- results are unlikely to be affected by confounding v (high internal Val). Confident that duration of sensory memory is limited, and capacity is large - 7low ecological ValP- low Ecological Val
E- participants are shown random letters in a lab and asked to recall them (may not be like info presented in most real-life situations)
E- findings may be difficult to generalise to how sensory memory works in real life (low external Val) - 8how can you test short term memoryusing a digit span test
(Should be given at the rate of one per second, recite digits in an even monotone and without any variation in pitch of voice) - 9Miller (1956)CAPACITY in stm
- 10aimTo investigate capacity of SHORT-TERM MEMORY
- 11METHODmiller used the digit span technique (participants heard a list of numbers and immediately tried to recall them in correct order)
- 12RESULTSmiller reviewed psychological research and concluded that - SPAN OF SHORT TERM MEMOYR IS 7+/-2
- 13what did miller also find outif people chuck things together, they can remember more (mobile no.11 digits-split to three chunks leaving more memory capacity available)
- 14CONCLUSIONcapacity of short-term memory is 7+/-2
- 15PETERSON &PETERSON (1959)DURATION IN STM
- 16AIM- investigate duration of STM
- 17Methodparticipants (24 undergraduates) presented with a consonant trigram (3 letters which doesn't from a recognisable word)
after intervals of 3,6,9,12,15, or 18 sec to over 30 p were asked to stop counting and to repeat the trigram - 18how was rehearsal preventedby asking them to count backwards in 3s from a specified number
- 19RESULTSafter 3 sec delays - 80%
18- 10%
30- 0% (no trigrams recalled) - 20CONCLUSIONduration of stm is 30 sec or less if maintenance rehearsal is blocked (evidence for MSM)
information fades from stm because of TRACE DECAY - 21evaluation High controlP- lab experiment (establishes cause and effect)
E- high control over extraneous v (e.g., participants given the same standardised instructions and the same trigrams for the same length of time) - confident that the iv (number of seconds participants were prevented from rehearsing the trigrams) affected the dv (if the trigrams could be correctly recalled or not)
E- results of this study are unlikely to be affected by confounding variables (confident that the conclusion that the duration of STM is approximately 18-30 secs has high internal val) - 22low ecological valP- low ecological Val
E- participants were presented with a trigram and recalling it is an artificial and simple task (does not test true complexity of memory)
E- perterson & peterson results cannot be generalised to real life (might not provide externally valid support for the claim that the duration of STM is limited to approximately 18-30 sec
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- Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von Ellaine Wahome am 11/12/2022.
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