Karteikarten
Organic Chemistry: 1,2,4,6,8,9,5,10
Karten in diesem Stapel (102)
- 1Functional groupsStructural characteristics can make molecules function similarly, common partnering of atoms that are agents of reactivity
- 2Alkane groupCarbon-carbon single bonds, often have hydrogen bonded to a carbon, simplest and least reactive compound
- 3HeteroatomAtoms other than carbon or hydrogen, N,O,Halogens,S
- 4Alkene groupCarbon-carbon double bonds, stronger than single but weaker than triple, able to function as bases or nucleophiles
- 5Alkyne groupCarbon-carbon triple bond, stronger than double bond, linear geometry, able to function as bases or nucleophiles
- 6Arene groupCarbon-carbon ring with alternating double and single bonds
- 7Halide groupElements are abbreviated with an X, include a carbon-halogen bond, F,Cl,Br,I
- 8Alcohol groupCarbon-hydroxide bond
- 9Ether groupCarbon-oxygen-carbon bond
- 10Amine groupCarbon-nitrogen group, primary, secondary, tertiary
- 11Nitrile groupCarbon-nitrogen triple bond, cyanide anion or CN- with active organic species
- 12Nitro groupFormal charges, nitrogen with four bonds and no lone pairs with +1 charge, oxygen with one bond and three lone pairs with -1 charge, free to resonate so that negative charge can be shared between two oxygen atoms with +1 charge on nitrogen
- 13Sulfide/thioether groupSulfur equivalent of an ether, carbon-sulfur-carbon bond
- 14Thiol groupSulfur equivalent of alcohol, carbon-sulfur-hydrogen bond
- 15Carbonyl groupCarbon-oxygen double bond, contains subgroup of molecules
- 16Aldehyde groupCarbon-carbonyl-hydrogen
- 17Ketone groupCarbon-carbonyl-carbon
- 18Carboxylic acid groupCarbon-carbonyl-hydroxide
- 19Ester groupCarbon-carbonyl-oxygen-carbon
- 20Amide groupCarbon-carbonyl-nitrogen
- 21Acid chloride groupCarbon-carbonyl-chlorine
- 22Acid anhydride groupTwo carboxylic acids minus a water molecule
- 23Imine groupNitrogen equivalent of carbonyl, carbon-nitrogen-double bond
- 24Epoxide groupCyclic ether, carbon-oxygen-carbon
- 25Phenol groupArene ring with hydroxide attached, specifically benzene
- 26Aniline groupArene with amine attached
- 27HydrocarbonsCompounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
- 28Alkanes/saturated hydrocarbonsHydrocarbons containing only single bonds, lack pi bonds
- 29Straight-chain n-alkanesSimplest structure of alkanes, homologs of H-(CH2)n-H
- 30Straight-chain n-alkanes molecular formulaCnH2n+2
- 31IsomersCompounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in physical and/or chemical properties
- 32Constitutional isomersIsomers that differ in connectivity
- 33C1 prefix and condensed structureMeth, CH4
- 34C2 prefix and condensed structureEth, CH3CH3
- 35C3 prefix and condensed structureProp, CH3CH2CH3
- 36C4 prefix and condensed structureBut, CH3CH2CH2CH3
- 37C5 prefix and condensed structurePent, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
- 38C6 prefix and condensed structureHex, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
- 39C7 prefix and condensed structureHept, CH3(CH2)5CH3
- 40C8 prefix and condensed structureOct, CH3(CH2)6CH3
- 41C9 prefix and condensed structureNon, CH3(CH2)7CH3
- 42C10 prefix and condensed structureDec, CH3(CH2)8CH3
- 43C11 prefix and condensed structureUnde, CH3(CH2)9CH3
- 44C12 prefix and condensed structureDodec, CH3(CH2)10CH3
- 45Alkyl groupAlkane from which a single hydrogen has been removed, changes from standalone alkane to a substituent of a larger molecule
- 46-RGeneric alkyl group
- 47Iso groupCH connected to 2 methyl groups
- 48Neo groupCentral carbon surrounded by multiple methyl groups
- 49Primary carbon1˚ bonded to one C
- 50Secondary carbon2˚ bonded to two C
- 51Tertiary carbon3˚ bonded to three C
- 52Quaternary carbon4˚ bonded to four C
- 53-iumDenotes positive charge
- 54-ideDenotes negative charge
- 55sp3 hybridized atoms4 electron dense areas, no double bonded C,O,Halogens
- 56NucleiPositively charged, define atomic positions as cartesian coordinates
- 57Electron cloud/orbitalRegion of space that can be occuped by an electron, negatively charged, defines molecule size and shape, 1s orbital has low energy
- 58Distribution of chargeReveals molecule's chemical and physical properties
- 59Electrostatic potential mapRepresents molecular charge distribution, illustration of 3D electron density surface around ball and stick model or electron cloud, warm colors represent high electron density, cool colors represent low electron density
- 60Types of molecular modelsWireframe, ball and stick, space filling
- 61Electrostatic potential energyCoulombic energy that a point positive charge feels as it passes over electron cloud
- 62Coulombic energyHigh electron dense atoms are electron rich and have low coulombic energy
- 63ValencyNumber of bonds an element forms, carbon is tetravalent, nitrogen is trivalent, oxygen is divalent, hydrogen and halogens are monovalent
- 64Lewis structuresCount valence electrons on columns of periodic table, connect all bonds
- 65ElectronegativityAbility of an atom to attract electrons, <0.5 is equal or covalent, 0.5-1.7 is unqual or polar covalent, >1.7 does not share and is ionic - the result of the force of attraction between two oppositely charged ions, atom with higher electronegativity is sigma- or electron rich, atom with lower electronegativity is sigma+ or electron poor, greater electronegative pair is more ionic
- 66InductionWIthdrawal of electrons toward oxygen, causes partial positive and partial negative charges
- 67Single bondssp3 hybridized, one sigma bond, longest, weakest, steric number 4
- 68Double bondssp2 hybridized, one sigma bond, one pi bond, shorter, weaker, steric number 3
- 69Triple bondssp hybridized, one sigma bond, two pi bonds (overlapping p orbitals), shortest, strongest, steric number 2
- 70Steric numberTotal pi bonds plus lone pairs, number of electron pairs repelling each other whether bonding or nonbonding
- 71Intermolecular forcesAttractive forces between individual molecules, electrostatic, can be dipole dipole interaction or hydrogen bonding or fleeting dipole diple interaction, higher boiling point is less branched
- 72IUPAC nomeclatureChoose longest carbon chain with most substituents
- 73Straight chain substituentsReceive generic alkyl group names
- 74Complex substituentsTreat as a miniparent, put everything in parentheses, longest carbon chain numbered starting from parent chain unless you can make substituents smaller numbers, numbered substituent followed by mini parent, EX: (2-methylbutyl), alphabetical substituents should come first
- 75BicyclicTwo fused rings, label carbons from bridgehead along longest path to shortest, EX. 6-methylbicyclo[3.2.1]octane
- 76ConformationVariety of possible 3D shapes adopted from rotation about carbon-carbon single bonds
- 77Dihedral/torsional angleAngle of bonds in a conformation anywhere from 0˚-180˚
- 78Staggered conformationLowest energy
- 79Eclipsed conformationHighest energy
- 80Anti conformationConfirmation with lowest energy
- 81Gauche interactionType of steric interaction, different from torsional strain, when two electron clouds are repelling each other/trying to occupy the same region of space, conformations with least gauche interactions are lowest in energy
- 82Homolytic bond cleavageGenerates uncharged radicals, uses fish hook arrows, energy required to break a covalent bond is bond dissociation energy
- 83Heterolytic bond cleavageGenerates charged ions, uses a two headed arrow
- 84Isopropyl(1-methylethyl)
- 85sec-Butyl(1-methylpropyl)
- 86Isobutyl(2-methylpropyl)
- 87tert-Butyl(1,1-dimethylethyl)
- 88Isopentyl/isoamyl(3-methylbutyl)
- 89Neopentyl(2,2-dimethylpropyl)
- 90Ethane conformation12 kJ/mol diference, all staggered are degenerate, all eclipsed are degenerate, each eclipsing hydrogen pair is 4 kJ/mol
- 91Torsional strainDifference in energy between staggered and eclipsed conformations
- 92Propane conformations14 kJ/mol diference, all staggered are degenerate, all eclipsed are degenerate, each eclipsing hydrogen pair is 4 kJ/mol, hydrogen-methyl group is 6 kJ/mol
- 93Butane conformationsNot degenerate, eclipsed confomation at dihedral angle 0˚ is higher in energy, staggered conformation at dihedral angle 180˚ is lower in energy, eclipsing methyl groups cost 11 kJ/mol
- 94Cyclohexane conformationsBoth conformations possess very little angle strain (close to 109.5˚), chair conformation has no torsional strain, boat conformation has two torsional strains from flagpole interactions, boat conformation can alleviate torsional strain by forming a twist boat
- 95ExothermicNegative heat of reaction dH˚, decreased in energy/gave energy to surroundings, starting materials to products
- 96EndothermicPositive heat of reaction dH˚, increased in energy/gained energy from surroundings, products to starting materials
- 97KineticsDependent on rate of reaction
- 98ThermodynamicsDependent on equilibrium concentrations of reactants and products
- 99Ionic/polar reactionsInvolve ions as reactants,products,or most commonly intermediates, one reactant has a site of high electron density and other reactant has a site of low electron density
- 100NucleophileElectron rich center, has ability to react with a positive or partial positive charge, capable of donating a pair of electrons
- 101ElectrophileElectron deficient center, has ability to react with negative or partial negative charged, capable of accepting a pair of electrons
- 102—
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- Bachelors Science Karteikarten am Organic Chemistry: 1,2,4,6,8,9,5,10, erstellt von iPad Air am 17/12/2015.
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