Karteikarten
Poli exam 2 - congress & civil rights
Karten in diesem Stapel (101)
- 1De Jurediscrimination under the law - occurs when a law treats 2 groups of people differently
- 2De Factodiscrimination by tradition and habit
ex: everyone treated equal but diff groups are treated diff b/c laws
-police and shooting black people - 3Dred Scott V. Sanford (1857)acceptance that black slaves not citizens
Dred argued he should be free b/c he had lived in a free state (illinois). went to supreme court, he had no case. court said he shouldn't be there b/c he is not a person.
breaking 14th amendment - 4Emancipation Proclamation (1863)only freed slaves in confederate states
- 513th amendmentoutlaws slavery in US. ends slavery. did nothing for citizenship. they don't have any defined citizenship status.
- 6Black codescame after 13th amendment. laws that defined citizenship of former slaves. Explicitly discriminatory. "this group can't do ..." southern states don't want to extend blacks' rights
- 714th amendmentafter black codes. if you're born/naturalized in US you're a citizen of U.s. and state you were born in
due process, equal protection, privileges and immunities - 815th amendmentafrican american males can vote
- 9Jim Crow lawshave implicit discrimination. have big effects on one group and none to others
- 10Grandfather clausevote in this country if your grandfather voted here.
big discriminatory - 11Literacy testyou had to pass a test showing you could read to be able to vote
-illegal to teach slaves how to read, not fair for blacks - 12intimidationKKK & clubs like that used these methods
ex: literacy test, people were intimidated because couldn't read, so they didn't vote. - 13Segregationoccurred in part to Jim Crow laws. legally rampant. existed everywhere. by law, stricter in the south
- 14Plessy V. Ferguson (1896)"separate but equal"
well past 14th amendment. segregated train cars. plessy decided to get on white train cars. by law he was african american b/c he was 1/8 black but he looked white. arrested & sues. legal under 14th amendment as long as the facilities are "separate but equal" - 15Litigationusing court cases to push against the previous decisions
NAACP started as a way to fundraise to pay for lawyers - 16Protestoutside of the system. protest to get people on your side. Boycotts
- 17Brown v. Board of Education (1954)kansas, but hundreds of similar cases.
father sued saying Linda Brown had to go to an all black elem. school that wasn't as nice as the others. NAACP argued.
had a psychological effect on students because they were being told they're different - 18Brown 2 (1955)"how do you integrate schools?"
chaos.
said schools can't be segregated. - 19Civil Rights Act (1964)protects all kinds of groups from discrimination
- 20Voting rights act (1965)you can't discriminate with voting.
access to voting. - 21Affirmative actionidea to make up discrimination by creating opportunities for groups who had been discriminated against
-actively try to hire black employees - 22Women before rights movementfocus on suffrage (right to vote)
property
Black women = double bad
raped; value lost
can't inherit property
fired if pregnant
paid taxes
women disagreed if they wanted to vote - 23What started women's rights movementGet laws to protect them
Married women's property act - 24Seneca Falls, NY 1848convention
2 abolitionist women (anti slavery)
put ad in paper, 300 people came
practical issues
discussing why they wanted it to change - 25Declaration of sentemencemodeled after Declaration of independence but says men put these laws on women
-very controversial
-vote family thing not women
-crazy - 26Split in approaches to securing suffrage1870 - fight happened b/c 13th and 15th amendment. how and what they (women) should do to get rights. they thought 14th amendment should apply to them. sued supreme court said no, it applies to black males. wasn't actually protecting anyone. they worked toward 13th amendment but found out they can't use amendments to help them.
-"what should we do now?" - 27First split state by state approachwomen went to the states. went to Wyoming b/c women had the right to vote there. second state was utah. U.S. told utah they could be a state then hoping it would lead to them voting against peligommy.
- 28Peligommymen being with multiple women.
- 29National amendment sidethey wanted a national amendment. 1870s but didn't get passed until 1919
- 30temperancemovement of alcohol
- 31soft tacticsparade in DC before inauguration. had women with jobs, immigrants, etc. men showed up and threw bottles at women
result: women hurt and made front page of paper - 32real tacticprotesting in front of white house. stood outside everyday with banners US on verge of entering WW1. started arresting protesters. went on hunger strikes. snuck out of jail and women on front page. more attention.
- 33Title IXcreated equality for education in women (attempted to). not apart of civil rights act.
-couldn't discriminate in education
-allow women into any class they wanted to take
-eliminated to discriminate women in athletics - 34equal rights amendment (ERA)all laws would treat men and women equally
-people questioned what real effects would be.
ex: paternal/maternal leave
-roe v. wade debate
-no separate bathrooms - 35"the glass ceiling"women rights only in article 7; jobs
-metaphor; can't break through the glass ceiling - de facto
women don't think they are as qualified to run as men are. - 36suspect classes - race & ethnicitysubject to strict scrutiny: US must demonstrate a compelling state interest (Korematsu v US 1944).
-top of pyramid
-very few laws are allowed to exist based on race & ethnicity - 37Korematsu v. U.S. 1944WW2. sued US, supreme court upheld Japanese b/c compelling state interest during war
- 38internment campsstop flow of possible secrets. has to be for a really big reason.
ex: national security; overturned school segregation because of this case - 39quasi - suspect classes - sexmiddle of pyramid
-biologically distinctions between men and women
-laws can exist if theres "important" state interest - intermediate standard of review - 40Non - suspect classesage, wealth, sexual orientation
-subject to minimum rationality standard of review, where US must prove theres a rational basis for the law
-bottom of pyramid - 41getting standard and group to match togetherscrutiny: race and ethnicity
-compelling state interest - 42Policy representationrepresentatives choose which policies america should have based on constituents demands
-most commonly thought of
-hard for congress person because might be good for one part but not all
-divided
-tough decisions and affects everyone - 43Allocative representationbringing money/services back to district or state
-bring back to specific district/state
-makes one area happy, theoretically hurts other areas
ex: highway contract
ex: farmbill - 44casework representationhelp for constituents on a specific issue with gov.
-helping individuals with fed. gov. problems
ex: passport problems and you call state legislature and they can either help you by calling someone which leads you to like them - 45symbolic representationshowing that the legislature belongs to the district or state
ex: Dave Loebsack going to hawkeye games by showing constituency. he understands the district and shows he cares. - 46Descriptive representationidea that congress should look like the people it represents.
-congress is mainly white males, US is very diverse and 50% females - 47Substantive representationIf congress doesn't have same views as its constituents, they can't represent them b/c not understood.
ex: pregnant women understand other pregnant women
-assumption: when you've had an experience you can better understand others & want a better substantive solution - 48Paradox of congresswe love our individual members of congress but dislike them as a whole.
- 49reapportionmentre - dividing 435 seats in house according to shifts & population
- 50redistrictingre - drawing district lines so population in the districts are equal
-most places let state legislatures redraw lines
-Problem: equal, but you could draw lines to hurt or help a group - 51gerrymanderingdrawing lines with the intention of helping or hurting a certain group
- 52racial gerrymanderingpoliticians would try to limit blacks votes. vote would have no power
-southern states before 1980s - 53majority - minority districtbig sections with minorities. majority vote are minorities. to increase chance of electing minority. worked great.
- 54paradox of representationas they read your districts to increase minorities, meant that they eventually didn't have as much power.
*parties matter a lot. every rule, theres an outcome and unintended outcome. - 55Formal - running for congressage, where you're from, etc.
- 56informal - running for congress *"which district or state is right for me?" quality candidate, strategic candidate
- 57strategic candidatewhat's right entry time to run
- 58open - seatdoes not have an accommodate - someone who's held a seat and it's up now
- 59franking privilegesending piece of mail not strictly saying "vote for me" but telling everything good they've done
- 60strategic politiciansthink ahead and plan accordingly. they know someone will retire and re-districting will happen, therefore seat fits better for them.
- 61Ammature politicianrun whenever they want to. opposite of strategic. we see this when someone has a job that has had nothing to do with politics. have money and name recognition
- 62coattailshappen in presidential election years. popular presidential candidate might race for their party. unpopular candidate might hurt someone/pull down.
- 63positive coattailsRaegan - super popular. 49/50 states
- 64neg. coattailsrepublicans scared because trump is at top. he represents a different wing of republicans
- 65mid-term lossvery common. when presidents' party loses seats in congress during their mid term
-1998 & 2002 didn't happen
-Clinton unusually popular b/c of impeachment
-Bush 90% popularity. people looked towards him after 9/11 - 66Congressional organization -Congressparties are the key organizational feature
-not in constitution
-party control matters more in house than senate - 67Congressional Organization -House of Reps-435 people
Official leader of house
-speaker only position elected by all 435 people - 68Speaker of the housetypically biggest person
-paul ryan from wisconsin
-lead your party and trying to get whole chamber to cooperate
-3rd in line for presidency
-entire chamber responsibilities - 69Majority leaderLeader of majority party
-Kevin McCarthy from Cali
-position elected only by people in their party, strategizing about their party ideas - 70Majority WhipGoing after goal, tries to get people in majority party to vote for something
-whipping to support
-Steve Scalise, Louisiana - 71Minority whip and leadersame as majority, but currently democrats
-"how do we bargain other party?" - 72Senate Leadershiparranged by parties but more informal
-one person can stop whole process
-Individualistic institution - 73Vice PresidentPresident of senate but rarely comes
-shows up when they're in session and is tie breaker - 74President Pro Tempora (president pro temp)Goes to longest serving member - honorary position
- 75Standing Committeepermanent, from congress to congress people change but committees don't
- 76Appropriations committeehands out money
-everyone wants this job
-ways & means make up tax code, deal with social security - 77Topical committeesmore specific ones; environmental
- 78Standing Committees1. Hold hearings - gather info
2. marcha - adding things; rewriting bills
3. Oversight - congressional committees watch executive to make sure a law is carried out correctly - 79Select committeetemporary
-stuff comes up so they make a committee that'll eventually go away after certain stuff gets done. popular around election time - 80Joint committeeboth house and senate members
-dealing with something that always happens - usual boring, but needs to be done - 81Conference committeereconcile differences on individual pieces of legislation
-both house and senate
-only exist around certain bill - 82Setting the AgendaIdeas come from the president, usually from state of the union
-ideas that get on paper (bills) make up the agenda - 83Policy Entrepreneurs (Congress)Congress has specialities
ex: retired senator whose specialty was mental health because of his mentally ill son, brought ideas to congress to pass laws for mental health - 84Interest groupsBring bills, craft legislation
- 85Is there a rules committee in the senate?no, bills go directly to the floor and they can talk about whatever they want for as long as they'd like
- 86What happens when bills get to committee?Mostly never considered and just sit there
- 87First diversion between house and senateIf reported unfavorably from house, goes to rules committee
- 88Floor debate housestrictly governed
- 89floor debate senatewide open - in theory
- 90Filibuster (senate)talking to delay debate/action on a bill. slows a bill down. it allows anyone in senate to say "i don't like this bill" and goal is to annoy people so they eventually drop the bill.
- 91Clotureto stop filibuster. requires 60 votes (3/5 senate) you have to have cooperation between parties which is hard.
*this is what allows senate to be individualistic. - 92Individualistic (senate)one person can stop it all
- 93conference committeetemporary committee only relates to that one bill. reconciles differences between house and senate version of bill
- 94Process of where the bill goesFrom conference committee, has to pass SAME version (back to house and senate), and back to president
- 95When president signs a billbecomes a law
- 96when president vetoes a lawrefuses to sign it. sends back to congress with a note saying why they won't sign it. trying to blame each other
- 97Veto OverrideCongress can do this!
2/3 of congress must agree to do so. RARE. - 98When congress adjourns a bill that has been sitting therecan adjourn it within 10 days. pocket veto: automatic veto
- 99When congress doesn't adjourn a bill that has been sitting thereBecomes an automatic law with no signature
- 100Strategy points of congress: Introducing bills you know won't passdo this so they can go home and tell constituents they tried. strategic credit claiming. usually happens at the end of term.
- 101Roll call votingvoting on something and go through roll call to see who votes for what. recorded.
Trade votes sometimes - log roll
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- Politics Karteikarten am Poli exam 2 - congress & civil rights, erstellt von Riley Tallman am 18/10/2016.
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- Riley Tallman
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