Karteikarten
AQA A Geography Restless Earth
Karten in diesem Stapel (61)
- 1The structure of the earth
- 2Convection currentsthe circular current of heat in the mantle
- 3Oceanic Crust-Newer (less than 200 million years)
-Denser
-Can sink
-Can be destroyed and renewed - 4Continental Crust-Old (older than 1500 million years)
-Cannot sink
-Less dense
-Cannot be destroyed or renewed - 54 types of plate margins-Destructive plate margin
-Constructive plate margin
-Conservative plate margin
-Collision plate margin - 6Destructive plate margin diagram
- 7Constructive plate margin diagram
- 8Collision plate margin diagram
- 9Constructive plate margin diagram
- 10Fold mountains-New fold mountains include the Andes and Himalayas
-Older ranges like those in Cumbria have been weathered down - 11Ocean trenchesThe deepest parts of the oceans
- 12Formation of fold mountains and ocean trenches-Fold mountains alone are formed at collision plate boundaries
-Fold mountains and ocean trenches are formed at destructive plate boundaries
-Sediment is deposited in layers over time
-The plates moving next to each other pushes the sediment together, where it crumples into anticlines and synclines
-If destructive, the submerging oceanic plates leaves a deep ocean trench behind - 13Andes What is it used for?-Farming
-Hydroelectric power
-Tourism
-Mining - 14Andes Farming-Subsistence farmers in Bolivia
-Farm on terraces that trap water and limit the downward movement of soil
-Lamas are pack animals that can manage the terrain and carry 25% of their weight
-Females farmed for meat, milk and wool - 15Andes Mining-Peru and Bolivia top 10 for tin
-Columbia has a l0t of nickel
-Peru has a lot of gold
-Half of Peru's export is from mining
-Yanacocha gold mines are the largest in the world - 16Andes Hydroelectric power-Steep slopes and narrow valleys are useful
-Melting snow provides a lot of water, but variation throughput the year is a problem
-2009 El Platanal power plant began to provide energy for Peru - 17Andes Tourism-Natural attractions like mountain peaks, volcanoes, glaciers and lakes
-Inca Trail, especially Machu Picchu in Peru - 18Nyiragonga The Eruption-17 January 2002 Nyiragonga volcano in Democratic Republic of Congo was disrupted by plate movement in the African rift valley
-Lava spilled sideways in 3 streams
-Lava reached a speed of 60 km/h - 19Nyiragonga Primary effects-Lava flowed over runways in Goma airport
-Lava split the town in half
-Destroyed homes, roads and water pipes
-Started explosions in fuel stores and power plants
-Killed 45 people - 20Nyiragonga Secondary effects-Half a million people fled Goma into neighbouring Rwanda
-Slept on the streets of Gisenyi
-No shelter, electricity or clean water so couldn't cope
-High risk of cholera
-Looting occurred in Goma
-People scared to return to Goma - 21Nyiragonga Response-Water supplied in tankers
-Christian Aid and Oxfam distributed food, medicine and blankets - 22Great Mountain Glacier, Iceland 2010 Location and eruption-Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic ridge (constructive margin between Eurasian plate and North American)
- March 2010 2 months of lava eruptions that were little threat
-14th April a lot of ash was launched into the air - 23Great Mountain Glacier, Iceland 2010 Local impact and response-Heavier particles of ash fell to the ground close to the volcano
-Hundreds were evacuated
-Glacier melted so flooding was an issue
-Breached embankments to allow water to flow into the sea
-Protected expensive bridges and embankments repaired within a few weeks - 24Great Mountain Glacier, Iceland 2010 International impact and response-Mid-April fine ash cloud spread over western Europe
-Western Europe airspace shut down due to fear of the effect of ash on the Jet engines
-Business people and Tourists left stranded
-Industrial production affected as raw material couldn't be flown
-Kenyan farm workers lost jobs as fresh produce couldn't be flown to Europe - 25Great Mountain Glacier Positive effects-Tourism to Iceland "The land of ice and fire"
-Ash is rich in nutrients so good for farms
-Sulphur can be found in volcanic crater for bleaching sugar, making matches and fertiliser
-Small quantities of copper, gold, silver, lead and zinc are found in volcanic regions - 26Composite Volcano-Steep slope, narrow base
-Alternating layers of lava and ash
-Have side vents
-Explosive
-Have a magma chamber
-Destructive or collision boundaries - 27Shield Volcano-Gently sloping sides
-Very wide base
-Formed by frequent, gentle eruptions of basaltic lava
-Magma chamber
-Formed at constructive boundaries - 28Predicting volcanoesMeasuring the:
-Bulge
-Gases
-Earthquakes
-Minor eruptions - 29Measuring the bulge-A volcano bulging can indicate a rise of magma
-Can place a tiltmeter on the volcano
-Or use two laser points, satellites can pick up if the two points have moved a mm apart - 30Measuring Earthquakes-Increase of earthquakes could mean magma is rising underneath the surface
-Earthquakes can be measured using seismometers - 31Monitoring minor eruptions-Digital cameras can be set up on the edge of a crater, allowing scientists to monitor them from a safe distance
- 32Monitoring Gases-Increase in percentage of Sulphur dioxide from gases emitted by a volcano can indicate that it is about to erupt
- 33Supervolcano-Much larger than normal volcanoes
-emit at least 1000 km3 of material, compared to Mt St Helens 1 km3
-Have large depressions called calderas rather than a cone shape - 34Formation of a Supervolcano-Magma rises and creates a large bulge
-Ash and gases escape through fissures
-Magma chamber collapses forming a depression called a caldera - 35Formation of a Supervolcano diagram
- 36Yellowstone Size-Magma chamber is 80 km by 40 km by 8 km
-Eruptions 2 mill, 1.3 mill and 630 000 years ago - 37Yellowstone Potential effects-Would destroy 10 000 km2 of land
-kill 87 000 people
-15 cm of ash in 1 000 km radius, killing 1 in 3 affected
-Global dimming caused by ash would cause crops to fail - 38Characteristics of an earthquake-Focus is the point in the earths crust where the earthquake begins
-Epicentre is the point directly above the focus on the crusts surface
-Radiating out from the focus are seismic waves that cause the ground to shake - 39Measuring EarthquakesRichter scale:
-10-fold increase every time the scale increases by one
-Measures the strength of an earthquake with a siesmometer on a seismograph
Mercalli scale
- measures effect of an earthquake from I to XII
-Subjective - 40Where do Earthquakes occur?-Destructive margins
-Constructive margins
-Conservative margins - 41Earthquakes at destructive marginsPressure from subduction can cause strong earthquakes as it is periodically released
- 42Earthquakes at constructive marginsLess severe earthquakes as pressure from plates moving apart is less intense
- 43Earthquakes at conservative marginsPlates stick as they slide past each other causing pressure build up. This pressure is released suddenly often resulting in a powerful earthquake
- 44Kobe Causes-5:46 17 Jan 1995 Philippines plate shifted under the Eurasian plate
-seismic waves travelled along the Nojima fault line under Kobe
-7.2 on the Richter scale
-Tremors lasted 20 seconds - 45Kobe Effects-6434 people dies
-Over 4000 seriously injured
-300 000 homeless
-Gas mains ruptured and water pipes cracked
-Railway lines buckled and sections of elevated roads collapsed
-2 mill without electricity and 1 mill without water for a week
-Fire due to ruptured gas mains, couldn't be put out due to water pipes cracking and damaged roads
-Damage in excess of £220 bn - 46Kobe Response-Friends and neighbours searched through the rubble,helped by emergency services when access was possible
-Hospitals operated in corridors
-7-eleven helped provide essentials
-80% of railways operational within a month
-80% of port operational within a year, but most of the trade gone
-Building regulations changed - 47Haiti Causes-12 January 2010
-Stress build up between conservative boundary of north american and Caribbean plates
-7.0 on the Richter scale
-15 km south west of Port-au-Prince
-following minor tremors of 5.0 - 48Haiti Effects-230 000 people killed
-2 million affected
-1.5 million homeless
-180 000 homes destroyed
-Homeless put in 1100 temporary camps where hundreds died from cholera
-19 million cubic meters of rubble
-5000 schools damaged
-Electricity, water, sanitation and communications destroyed or badly disrupted
-$US 11.5 bn damage - 49Haiti Response-Search and rescue teams with trained medics, sniffer dogs and heat sensing equipment flown in
-Food, water and medicine flown in from USA and Dominican Republic
-UN and USA provided security to maintain law and order
-UK charity raised over £100 m which supported 1.2 m people
-3/4 damaged buildings assessed and repaired
-200 000 people received cash/food for clearing rubble
-World Bank pledged $US 100 m - 50Haiti Why was it so badly affected?-Very poor so unprepared and couldn't cope
-80% of people lived in poorly constructed buildings that just collapsed
-Earthquake very close with a shallow focus
-Port destroyed and airport damaged making it hard to get emergency supplies
-Lack of stable government caused chaos
-Lack of doctors, hospitals (destroyed) and medicine - 513 P's-Prediction
-Preparation
-Protection - 52Prediction-Very hard to do
-Know where but hard to say when
-Haichen (China) evacuated 1 mill people due to unexplained animal behaviour
-West sceptical of animal behaviour - 53Protection-Appropriate building standard
-Following building reguations - 54PreparationHospitals, emergency services and inhabitants practise with drills so people know what to do to increase their chance of survival
- 55Tsunamis VS normal waves-Normal waves are 100 m crest to crest but tsunamis are 200 km
-normal wave is 2 m high, tsunami is 1 m high
-Tsunamis approach almost unnoticed at 800 km/h
-As they near land they reduce in length but gain in height - 56Formation of a Tsunami-Slip in the margin displaces water
-Wave splits
-Half travels towards land, the other half out to sea - 57Formation of a Tsunami diagram
- 58Tohoku Causes-Pacific plate subducting under north american plate
-200 km of rock slipped under causing an upward flick of 5-10 m
-This triggered the Tsunami - 59Tohoku The Tsunami-11 March 2011
-9.0 on the Richter scale
-100 km east of Sendai
-In 30 min 40 m high wave hit Sendai
-9 additional waves 10 m high
-3000 km coastline affected
-Water went 10 km upshore - 60Tohoku Effects-20 000 people killed
-500 km2 coastal plane inundated
-Sendai (port city of 100 000) virtually destroyed
-200 000 buildings destroyed
-Ruptured gas pipes led to fires that continued for days
-Explosions at Fukushima power plant as tsunami over-topped defences
-6 mill homes without electricity
1 mill people without water
-Heavy snow, roadblocks from debris and landslides - 61Tohoku Response-100 000 soldiers distributed food and blankets and helped in search and rescue
-Exclusion zone around Fukushima
-Huge reconstruction programme planned
-New Tsunami defences to be over the standard 12 m
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- GCSE Geography (Physical Geography) Karteikarten am AQA A Geography Restless Earth, erstellt von Natalia Cliff am 21/05/2017.
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