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Unhealthy Eating Habits

BMI
1. Body mass index (BMI) is a measure of body fat based on your weight in relation to your height, and applies to most adult men and women aged 20 and over.
  1. When BMI is higher than 30
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health.
1. highest in the WHO Regions of the Americas and lowest in the WHO Region for South East Asia
  1. Causes of Obesity
    1. psychological
      1. comfort eating
      2. eating disorders
        bulimia nervosa :excessive eating with compensatory mechanisms
        Binge eating
    2. bioliogical
      1. Genes
      2. hormones
        hypothyroidism and cushing syndrome
    3. lifestyle
      1. sedentery lifestyle
    4. socioeconomic
      1. culture
      2. peer pressure
      3. income
    5. Complications of Obesity
      1. Liver (nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-NALD; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-NASH) kidneys (kidney stones; chronic kidney disease-CKD)
      2. respiratory system
        Sleep apnea and breathlessness
      3. Digestive system
        GERD
        Gallbladder and gallstones
      4. reproductive system
        menstrual problems
        pregnancy complications
        polycystic ovary syndrome
      5. The cardiovascular system (heart attack; elevated cholesterol/atherosclerosis; abnormal heart rhythms; hypertension; peripheral vascular disease; stroke)
      6. the musculoskeletal system (osteoarthritis in the back, hips, knees; gout)
      7. Psychological Complications
        Body shape discontent
        Consequently may lead to strain on their intimate and romantic relationships
        Further leads to depression, isolation, anxiety, suicidal ideas, withdrawn from society and anhedonia
2. Investigations include
  1. Complete blood count
  2. Liver enzyme and liver function tests
  3. Tests for chronic viral hepatitis (hepatitis A, hepatitis C and others)
  4. Celiac disease screening
  5. Fasting blood sugar
  6. Hemoglobin A1C, which shows how stable your blood sugar is
  7. Lipid profile, which measures blood fats, such as cholesterol and triglycerides
Obesity
1. Management
  1. Psychological Treatment
  2. Drugs
    1. topiramate/phentermine
    2. liraglutide
    3. lorcaserin
    4. orlistat
  3. Diet, exercise and lifestyle changes should always be included.
  4. Surgeries
    1. gastric banding surgery
    2. gastric bypass
    3. sleeve gastrectomy
    4. GASTRIC INJECTION
Relationship between food intake and energy expenditure
1. “Energy balance” is the relationship between “energy in” (food calories taken into the body through food and drink) and “energy out” (calories being used in the body for our daily energy requirements).
  1. Imbalances lead to
2. Food intake
  1. Physiology of food intake and satiety
    1. Feeding center:
      1. Lateral nuclei of the hypothalamus and Dorso-medial nucleus (DMN)
    2. Satiety center:
      1. Ventro-medial nuclei of the hypothalamus (VNH) and Para-ventricular nucleus (PVN)
  2. Hormonal control
Liver anatomy
1. 2 lobes
2. Wedge-shaped & resembles 4 sided pyramid laid on one side with its apex directed to the left.
3. found in right hypochondrium, greater part of the epigastrium and extends into the left hypochondriurn up to the left lateral vertical line.
4. Blood supply of the liver
Liver histology
1. Lobule: It has a roughly hexagonal shape with : Central vein at its center
2. Portal Triads at each corner consist of: 1. Hepatic Arteriole 2. Portal Venule 3. Bile Ductule 4. Lympahatic vessels
Liver
1. liver is the main organ of metabolism and energy production; its other main functions include:
  1. Bile production
  2. Storage of iron, vitamins and trace elements
    1. conversion of waste products for excretion by the kidneys
      1. detoxification
        Metabolism of carbohydrates, fat, and proteins
        Three stages of FA synthesis:
        . Transport of acetyl COA into cytosol
        Carboxylation of acetyl COA
        Assembly of FA chain ( Elongation)
        Alcohol metabolism

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Unhealthy Eating Habits

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	Created by Fatma Shwaylia about 6 years ago