Endocrine System

Major Glands
1. Pineal Body
  1. Melatonin - sleep-wake cycle, seasonal rhythms, light conditions.
  2. Pineal Body - Middle Area of the brain
2. Hypothalamus
  1. Releasing, inhibiting hormones.affect the functions of the anterior pituitary gland.
    1. Oxytocin and Vasopressin - transported to the posterior pituitary for temporary storage.
  2. Hypothalamus - Lower Central Area of the brain
3. Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
  1. Master Gland. Secretes a lot of hormones that influence other glands.
  2. Pituitary - Beneath the Hypothalamus
4. Anterior Lobe
  1. Somatropin, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, FHS, Adrenocorticotropic, Lutenizing, Prolactin
5. Middle Lobe
  1. Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone - stimulates release of Melatonin
6. Posterior Lobe
  1. Secretes hormones released by the hypothalamus.
    1. Oxytocin - regulates uterine contraction during childbirth.
      1. Vasopressin - antidiuretic, prevents waterloss from the body.
7. Thyroid
  1. Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine - work together to regulate the body's mental and physical growth
  2. Calcitonin - Decreases blood calcium level
  3. Parathyroid
    1. Controls Ca within bones and blood.
    2. Parathyroid - 4 structures wrapped around the Thyroid.
  4. Thyroid - base of the neck, wrapped around the lateral side of the trachea.
8. Andrenal Glands
  1. Glucocorticoids - increase of blood sugar and breakdown of proteins..
    1. Mineral Corticoids - regulates concentration of sodium, calcium, and water balance in blood.
      1. Androgens like testosterone - influence the development of male secondary sex characteristics.
  2. Adrenal Cortex
    1. Adrenal Cortex - Outer layer
  3. Adrenal Glands - top of the kidneys
  4. Adrenal Medulla
    1. Adrenaline or Epinepherine or noradrenaline or norepinepherine - improves fight-or-flight response.
    2. Adrenal Medulla - Inner Layer
9. Pancreas
  1. Insulin - secreted by beta cells, lower blood sugar level.
    1. Glucagon - produced by alpha cells, raises blood sugar level.
  2. Islets of Langerhans
10. Testes
  1. Angrogen Testosterone - controls growth and development of male sex organ and secondary sex characteristics.
  2. Ovaries
    1. Progesterone and Estrogen - stimulate growth of uterine lining
      1. Estrogen also deals with secondary female characteristics.
Summary
1. Chemically controls body processes through its hormonal secretions.
  1. Hormones are directly secreted by the ductless glands directly into the bloodstream.
    1. Hormones are mostly made of proteins.
2. Some hormones affect most tissues of the body; some only have one or a few targets.
  1. Some hormones affect other endocrine glands.
    1. Hormones act in very small amounts. Therefore is very sensitive to changes, even in the slightest increase or decrease.
      1. An increase or a decrease in normal hormone level indictes disorders with the endocrine system.
3. Some hormones have antagonistic effects. Meaning their function contrasts with another.
  1. An example would be Insulin and Glucagon, which decreases and increases blood sugar, respectively.

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	Created by The Enlightened One over 8 years ago