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Bioterrorism

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Mind Map on Bioterrorism, created by Zulhilmi Zainal on 03/04/2014.
Zulhilmi Zainal
Mind Map by Zulhilmi Zainal, updated more than 1 year ago
Zulhilmi Zainal
Created by Zulhilmi Zainal over 11 years ago
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Resource summary

Bioterrorism
  1. Top Biological Agents
    1. warning signs
      1. Unusual diseases not typically seen in the area
        1. Unusual numbers of cases of a disease
        2. Anthrax Disease
          1. Bacillus anthracis
            1. gram-positive, non-motile spore-forming bacterium
              1. can withstand extreme heat, cold and drought for long periods
              2. Types
                1. Cutaneous anthrax
                  1. skin contact
                    1. 20% mortality rate
                    2. Gastrointestinal anthrax
                      1. eating infected meat
                        1. vegetative state and not the spores
                          1. 80-90% mortality rate
                          2. Inhalational anthrax
                            1. breathing spores
                              1. ~90% mortality rate
                                1. Death may follow in hours to days
                                2. spores are transported into the mediastinal lymph nodes
                                  1. toxins leading to sudden development of fever, hemorrhage, respiratory distress and shock
                                    1. Pathophysiology
                                      1. anthrax spores [8-10 thousand] into alveolar space
                                        1. 1 to 5 micron size spores ingested by macrophages
                                          1. mediastinal LN’s
                                            1. germination of spores to B anthracis within 1-3 days
                                        2. toxins
                                          1. protective antigen, lethal factor, edema factor
                                            1. Protective antigen + Lethal factor= Lethal toxin
                                              1. hemorrhagic mediastinitis and edema
                                    2. Why preferred?
                                      1. Inexpensive
                                        1. Natural occurring disease
                                          1. Smaller quantity needed
                                            1. Antibiotics are not effective against spores or toxins
                                            2. treatment
                                              1. doxycyclin
                                            3. SMALL POX
                                              1. orthopoxvirus
                                                1. airborne / contact
                                                  1. Only when rash develops
                                                  2. variola virus
                                                    1. brick-shaped
                                                  3. types
                                                    1. ordinary
                                                      1. modified
                                                        1. flat
                                                          1. hemorrhagic
                                                            1. fatality rate 30%
                                                            2. Clinical
                                                              1. 12- to 14-day incubation period
                                                                1. high fever, malaise, headache & backache
                                                                  1. Maculopapular rash
                                                                    1. mucosa of the mouth and pharynx, face, and forearmsthe trunk and legs .
                                                                      1. develop into pustules
                                                                        1. scarring
                                                                          1. result from the destruction of sebaceous glands > shrinking of granulation tissue > fibrosis
                                                                  2. Treatment
                                                                    1. No antiviral effective for smallpox
                                                                    2. Smallpox VS chicken pox
                                                                      1. Laboratory
                                                                        1. Growth of the virus in cell culture or on chorioallantoic egg membrane
                                                                          1. pustular fluid
                                                                            1. Electron microscopic
                                                                              1. brick-shaped

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