Unit 3 Study Note ⓒ

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Heat= Mass and speed of particles

Thermal Energy= The total kinetic energy of all the particles in a substance/ material

Temperature= Depends on the speed of particles in a substance

Example: Bucket= more quantity less quality teacup = higher quality lower quantity

Energy = is the ability to do work (the ability to move an object)

DIfferent types of energy, e.g: Eraser (potential energy, stored energy)

Potential Energy= stored energy based on position rather than motion

Kinetic energy = Energy from movement for

Example if you are spinning a heavy ball at the end of the rope you are creating

Sun → Earth (46% absorbed by land and water) The amount of energy that actually reaches earth from the sun is 1 billionth of the UV rays

Greenhouse effect (stores heat)

Heat transfer: The transfer of thermal energy from one object to another

Conduction

heat transfer through direct contact

e.g.: Touching a hot stove

Convection

Transfer through upward movement of warmer partials (convection current)

e.g.: When boiling water on a gas stove, the heat from the flame rises into the pot with water

Radiation

Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy from the energy source , e.g.: A microwave which heats food with radiation

Energy transformation is the change from one form of energy to another. Your body turn chemical energy in thermal energy by breaking down food to get it’s nutrients to spread around the body to keep it warm.

Heat affects the volume of solids, liquids and gases by contraction and expansion. Some examples of expansion and contraction are: a thermometer going up and down, balloons shrinking and expanding, running water over the lid of a jar and more. When heat is applied to the item, it expands causing it to grow in size, or it contracts which causes it to shrink in size.

NASA VIDEO

Carbon dioxide and water vapour effect the greenhouse effect by absorbing long wave radiation and not absorbing short wave radiation.

Without atmosphere earth would be 30 degrees cooler

Most of the long wave radiation is emitted by the atmosphere not the earth.

Only 10% of the suns energy escapes the earth

water vapour and carbon dioxide are both common greenhouse gasses

about half of the radiation from the sun reflect back to the earth from the atmosphere

Longwave Radiation (OLR) is the energy radiating from the Earth as infrared radiation at low energy to Space.

This effect is known as the “Greenhouse Effect”

Greenhouse effect is the

Without ocean there would be no life

Heat and it’s effect on water

Hurricane: A Hurricane is a strong spinning weather system over an ocean that has continuous

Tornado:A tornado is spinning weather system in contact with ground.

Wind: Movement of air in troposphere.

Ocean currents: are patterns of movement in the water in a large region of the ocean. They move in circular patterns. There flow is determined by: the wind, the minerals dissolved in the water, the shape of the ocean floor in different locations, heat from the sun, pull from the moons gravity, and the rotation of the earth.

Climate: Long term weather conditions over large areas of the earth

Condensation: Invisible water vapour in the atmosphere cools down and changes back into water droplets that fall as rain

Practice Quiz

Heat can also be transferred from one object to another, or from one molecule to another process. As one molecule is heated it begins to move and shake rapidly. As it does so, it passe some of its heat energy to other molecules around it. Through this process, all the molecules of an object pass heat from one to another until they are all hot this process is called heat transfer.

Energy travelling through space is called: Radiation

Sunshine is one of the most familiar form of Radiation

Heat transfer by motion of gas or fluid which contains the heat is called: convection

Heat moving through a chimney does this by convection

A cooking pot uses convection for energy transfer conduction

The highest layer of the atmosphere is called the troposphere

The layer of the atmosphere that provides most of our weather and 80% of the Earth’s air is called the: troposphere

The layer above the troposphere is the Stratosphere

above the stratosphere is the Mesosphere meteors generally burn up in this layer, which extends to a height of 52 miles.

Above the Mesosphere is the Thermosphere The ISS and other low orbit satellites orbit with in this layer

Heat is transferred by molecules bouncing into each other

The total amount of energy possessed by the molecules in a piece of matter is called heat.

A measurement of the average heat or thermal energy of the particles in a substance is called temperature

The average heat or thermal energy of the particles in a substance is called the temperature.

How much of the suns heat is absorbed by the atmosphere: 46%

The greenhouse gas effect is often considered a good thing as it keeps the planet once and warm. However when pollution and excess gases trap more of the suns energy than is normal we experience

Ocean currents are patterns of the water in oceans

Ocean currents flow in Convection patterns that depend on the wind, dissolved minerals and the shape of the ocean

Ocean currents contribute to the movement of thermal energy from the warm regions of the earth near the equator to colder regions in the arctic or antarctic

Ocean currents move in a Circular pattern, they move clockwise in the northern hemisphere, and they move counter-clockwise in the southern hemisphere

During the day Land heats up more than water

Cool land breezes are formed when warm air above water rises while Cool air from the land takes its place

The Rock Cycle

Extra Definitions

Aurora

A spectacular light display that occurs in the ionosphere near the poles; called the aurora borealis or northern lights in the Northern Hemisphere, and the aurora australis or southern lights in the Southern Hemisphere.

Exosphere

The outermost layer of the atmosphere, where gas molecules are extremely far apart and some occasionally escape earth’s gravity and fly off into outer space.

Inversion

A situation in the troposphere in which warm air lies above cold air.

Ionosphere

An ionized layer contained within the thermosphere; the second to the last layer of the atmosphere.

Mesopause

The thin transition layer in the atmosphere, the boundary between the mesosphere and the thermosphere.

Mesosphere

The layer of the atmosphere between the stratosphere and the thermosphere; temperature decreases with altitude.

Ozone layer

A layer of the stratosphere where ozone gas is more highly concentrated.

Solar wind

High-speed protons and electrons that fly through the solar system from the Sun.

Stratopause

The thin transitional layer of the atmosphere between the stratosphere and the mesosphere.

Stratosphere

The second layer of the atmosphere, where temperature increases with altitude due the presence of ozone.

Temperature gradient

The change in temperature with distance.

Thermosphere

The second to the last layer of the atmosphere where gases are extremely thinly distributed.

Troposphere

The lowermost layer of the atmosphere.

Ultraviolet radiation

High energy radiation that comes from the Sun; there are three types of UV radiation: UVA, UVB, and UVC. The shortest wavelength, and therefore the most dangerous, is UVC.

What to Study

Energy+Thermal energy

Heat vs. Temperature (conduction, convection, radiation)

Atmosphere & heat

Ocean currents & heat

TYPES OF ROCKS

Rocks

Rocks: are naturally formed solid material made up

of one or more minerals. The first step in identifying a rock is to look at the mineral it contains.

MInerals are naturally occurring pure substances that are solid. here are more than 40000 known rock minerals.

Crystals: Are special types of minerals found in rock made from magma that cooled slowly.

Gemstones: are minerals that are valuable because of their exceptional beauty, colour and rareness. They are often made into jewelry.

THE ROCK CYCLE

The rock cycle is the repeating pattern in which one type of rock changes into a different type of rock because of heat and pressure from within the Earth.

Old rock is continuously being pushed into the mantle where it melts. Hot magma reaches the crust where it cools and forms a new rock.

The story of a rock:

Igneous Rock:

Formed from molten rock the cooled and hardened

Rocks that cools slowly contains large crystals

Rock that cools quickly for e.g. on the earth’s surface contains small crystals or no crystals at all.

Sedimentary Rock:

Formed from a shell of small pieces of rocks and shells packed together under pressure.

Example: Sandstone, Shale and limestone

Metamorphic rock:

Formed from igneous or Sedimentary rocks that have been changed by heat and pressure.

Example: Marble

Weathering:

Is the wearing away of rock by water, wind, chemicals, and even living things.

Erosion:

The breakdown and movement of rocks by soil, wind, water or ice.

The activity is:

Compare the rock cycle to a cycle of events in your daily life. How are they different? How are they similar?