APUSH Chapter 2

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Spain's Tribute Colonies

- Spanish colonizers capitalized on pre-existing systems of tribute and labor discipline

- Spanish monarchs transferred institutions (legal code, Catholic Church) to America

- Set in progress Columbian Exchange

- After defeating Aztecs, conquistadors received encomiendas

- Few Spanish controlled vast resources

- Incas and Aztecs became core of wealthy European Empire

- Natives converted to catholicism en masse

- European diseases ravaged Indian commented (smallpox, influenza, measles, yellow fever)

- Only syphilis travelled in opposite direction

- movement of diseases and people part of Columbian Exchange

- Food: Maize, potatoes, manioc, sweet potatoes, tomatoes moved west to east

- Animals (cattle, swine, horses, oxen chicken), Plants (wheat, barley, rye, rice), and Germs moved east to west

Plantation Colonies

- Brazil sugar plantations

- Portuguese colonists transformed Brazil into sugar plantation zone (similar to Madeira)

- Hoped natives would supply labor, but all killed by smallpox

- Required trial and error before it became profitable

- England Tobacco Colonies

- England slow to embrace colonies

- some failures like Roanoke

- Virginia company sent an all-male group with no ability to support itself

- expected to extract tribute from natives

- fared poorly

- Powhatan (local chief) was willing to trade with settles, but expected tribute from whites, not vice versa

- tactics ultimately failed due to inability to decide who would pay tribute to whom

- Virginia Company granted 100 acres of land to every settler

- Created House of Burgesses

- Indian War 1622

- Influx of migrants sparked all out war

- surprise attack killed 1/3 of all English settlers

- Englishmen fought back and seized food

- King James revoked Virginia Company's charter, made Jamestown Royal Colony

- King Charles I secretly a Catholic

- Granted lands in Maryland to Lord Baltimore

- Became a refuge for Catholics

- Grew quickly, because Baltimore imported many artisans and offered ample lands to wealthy settlers

- some religious/political conflict, but ultimately resolved

- tobacco established as main crop

- Caribbean Islands

- Several European powers established cash crop colonies (tobacco, indigo, cotton) on Caribbean Islands (St. Kitts, Martinique, Guadeloupe)

- Became world's most valuable real estate

- Plantation Life

- Initially small freeholds

- logic of plantation agriculture soon encouraged consolidation

- experimented with new forms of labor discipline, such as headright system

- tobacco resulted in economic boom

- life in Caribbean was hard

- indentured servitude

- prospect of owning land enticed settlers

- signed contracts of indentured servitude

- bargain for planters

- African Laborers

- Indentured servants inadequate for sugar plantations in Barbados

- shift more gradual on mainland

- possible to gain freedom: some Africans became landowners and purchased slaves themselves

Neo-European Colonies

- settlers initially searched for Northwest passage

- failed, and eventually developed interest in region on its own terms

- New France

- expansive in fur trading and missionary work, but failure in agriculture

- few people moved there

- New Netherland

- Amsterdam financial and commercial hub of Northern Europe

- managed much of the world's commerce

- Fur-trading in Northeast (New Amsterdam a.k.a. New York) with Iroquois

- Netherlands too small to support immigration, ultimately failed

- flourished as traders

- vicious warfare with Algonquins

- Rise of the Iroquois

- suffered as a result of colonization

- strategic location between New France and New Netherlands helpful

- waged various wars (Beaver Wars) against local tribes

- pissed off Algonquins, who were allied with French

- crushed by New France, but continued to be politically dominant

- New England

- Plymouth

- Planning to land in Virginia, but ended up in Massachusetts

- Families, not just young single men

- heavily Protestant

- religious tolerance

- Massachusetts Bay

- founded by John Winthrop

- "city upon a hill"

- envisioned reform christian society

- transformed joint-stock corporation into political system

- Puritanism official religion