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• Self - Sense of personal identity, who we are as individual
• Identity - Concept of an individual about one's self, "self-identity"
• Self-Identity - One's self belief of what they think and feels about them. Can be influenced by how others perceive an individual
• Self-Development - A continuous process through one's lifespan
• Self-Representation - has important implications for socio-emotional functioning throughout the lifespan.

William James

• American Psychologist and Philosopher
• Conceptualized the self as having two aspects:
  • "I"
    • subjective and active aspect of the self
    • Non-Reflective
    • The self in action
    • is the thinking, acting, feeling self
    • Self in process, in the moment
    • Impulsive, spontaneous and indeterminate part of the self
    • Part of the self that produces individuality
  • "Me"
    • objective and social aspect of the self
    • The self as an object in the world
    • The structured and determinate part of the self
    • The product of our interactions and conscious reflection
    • We know the "I' through the "me"
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    • Physical characteristics and psychological capabilities that makes you who you are
      • "Me" further broken down into:
        • Material self - What belongs to a person (ex. body, family, clothes, or money)
        • Social self - Who we are in a social situation, we change our actions, thoughts, emotions, words and mannerisms based on social situation or the people we interact with
        • Spiritual self - Who we are at our core, including our personality, values, conscience. One's spiritual self typically don't change throughout our life
• Assumptions on the self:
  • "I" is the thinking, acting, feeling self
  • "Me" is the physical characteristics as well psychological capabilities that makes who you are.

Carl Rogers

• American Psychologist
• Proponent of Humanistic Psychology and Nondirective Psychotherapy or Person-Centered Therapy
• The "I" as the one who acts and decides while the "Me" is what you think or feel about yourself as an object.
• Self-Schema - The organized system or collection of knowledge about who we are, may include interests, work, course, age, name, and physical characteristics. As you grow and adapt to changes, it also changes
• Unconditional Positive Regard - Accepting and supporting others exactly as they are, without judging them
• Identity - Composed of personal characteristics, social roles, responsibilities and affiliations that defines who we are
  • Roles - Part of an individual's identity (ex. work, academic, social standing, and birth order in the family)
• Self-Concept - How one perceive self. Individual's belief about himself, including the person's attributes and who and what the self is
• Experiences of the Self:
  • The existential self
    • Subjective (I)
    • Concept that you are unique/different from others
    • Persian poet RUMI "Who am I in the midst of all this thought traffic?"
  • The Categorical self
    • Objective (Me)
    • Concept (and the concept of others) tends to focus on his own visible characteristics
• Self-Concept/Self-Schema Composed of:
  • Self-Image(Real Self) - "Who you are at the moment"
  • Ideal Self - "Who you like to be"
  • Ought Self (Self-Esteem/Self-worth) - "Who you think you should be"
• Self-Esteem and Self-Worth - refers to which we like, accept, or approve of ourselves; or how much we value ourselves
• Self-Esteem - always involves a degree of evaluation, and we may have a positive or negative view of ourselves
• Social Comparison Theory - By comparing aspects of ourselves with other people, we learn about ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors and our social status
• Self-actualization - refers to the need for personal growth and development throughout one's life. It is the highest level of Abraham Maslow's "Hierarchy of needs". Once you are self-actualized, you've met you full potential as an individual
• Types of Social Comparison
  • Downward Social Comparison - We raise our self-esteem, by comparing ourselves to those who are "Worse off" than us
  • Upwards Social Comparison - It can either motivate us or highlight more of our weakness or inequities, by comparing ourselves to those who are "Better off" than us
• Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory
  • We distance ourselves from that person or redefine our relation ship with them
  • Reconsider the importance of the aspect or skill in which you were out-performed
  • Strengthen or resolve to improve that certain aspect of ourselves. Achieving your goal through hard work may increase your self-esteem, too.
• Hierarchy of Needs
  • Physiological - Food, Water, Rest
  • Safety - Security
  • Love & Belonging - Intimate relationships, Friends
  • Esteem - Feeling of Accomplishment
  • Self-Actualization - Achieving Personal Potential
  • Self-Transcendence - Fulfillment

Charles Carver & Michael Scheier

• Identified 2 types of self:
  • The Private self - Your internal standards and private thoughts and feelings
  • The Public self - Public imaged geared as a good presentation of yourself to others
• Self-consciousness: Being concerned about being observed and criticized by others
  • Looking Outside
    • Seeing and Comparing ourselves to others who are and dreaming of achieving the same
    • May lead to; self-doubt, feelings of inadequacy, poor self-esteem, "impostor syndrome"
  • Looking Inside
    • Reflecting on out desires and aspirations, understanding what truly drives us from within, is a critical aspect of "self-awareness"
    • We can align our true selves by acknowledging our inner motivations and passions

Sigmund Freud

• Austrian Neurologist who introduced "Psychoanalysis"
• "Father of Psychoanalysis"
• Psychoanalysis treats through "psychopathology" through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalysis
• Free Association - Verbalize every thought that come to mind, doesn't matter if irrelevant or repugnant it may appear
• Dreams - Rich source of unconscious material
• Libido - Sexual Drive
• True Self vs False Self
  • True Self - Authentic, Genuine, and innate aspects of a person's personality, values and beliefs
  • False Self - Persona or facade that an individual presents to others, often response to social or situational pressures
• Levels of mental life:
  • Conscious - Awareness
  • Unconscious
    • Pre-conscious - Not in current awareness but can be brought to consciousness
    • Unconscious proper - Inaccessible Thoughts
• Provinces of the mind:
  • Id - Pleasure Principle
  • Ego - Realistic Principle
  • Superego - Moral Principle
• Psychosexual Stages
  • Oral-dependent personality - A passive person who takes more than he gives
  • Oral-aggressive personality - A hostile vocal person who is always exploitative
  • Anal-expulsive personality - A disorderly, messy person (Oscar of "The Old Couple")
  • Anal-retentive personality - A stingy, compulsive "neat nick" (Felix of "The Old Couple")

Phallic-personality - A person who is vain, narcissistic, and exhibitionistic