Week 10

1. 1What are the main features of pandemics?

   1. AInfectious disease
   2. BHigh attack rates
   3. CNovel
   4. DTransmitted person to person
   5. ESevere
   6. FWide geographic distribution
   7. GDisease movement from place to place
   8. HMInimal population immunity
   9. IUncurable
2. 2What are the 3 epidemiological transitions?
   1st transition - [blank_start]foraging to food production[blank_end]; [blank_start]increase in population density[blank_end], domestication of animals, [blank_start]sedentary lifestyles[blank_end], social straification created shift in disease ecology and increased infectious disease
   2nd transition - [blank_start]rise of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)[blank_end]
   3rd transition - [blank_start]reemerging infectious disease[blank_end]; [blank_start]antibiotic/antimicrobial resistance[blank_end], novel diseases

   1. Aforaging to food production
   2. Brise of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)
   3. Creemerging infectious disease
   4. Dantibiotic/antimicrobial resistance
   5. Eincrease in population density
   6. Fsedentary lifestyles
3. 3What are pathways by which inequality/poverty increase risks?

   1. AInadequate sanitation
   2. BPoor nutrition
   3. CCrowded living conditions
   4. DLack of healthcare services
   5. EPoor infection control
   6. FLack of public health infrastructure
   7. GPoor governance
   8. HSubstandard treatment/medication
4. 4What is a nosocomial infection?

   1. AOne that commonly occurs in healthcare settings
   2. BA disease that is transmittable from human to animal
   3. CA disease that is only found in one particular location
   4. DOne that arises from treatment
5. 5- The spread of a phenomenon across space, passed through interactions between one person and their neighbours is called [blank_start]expansion diffusion[blank_end].
   - The introduction of infectious disease to a new location, outside the current range of that infection is called [blank_start]relocation diffusion[blank_end].
   - [blank_start]Hierarchical diffusion[blank_end] is the spread of a phenomenon along hierachical settlement patterns. eg. the phenomenon is more likely to move into large cities before small villages.
   

   1. Aexpansion diffusion
   2. Brelocation diffusion
   3. CHierarchical diffusion
6. 6Why have disease transmission via relocation increased?

   1. AAirline transportation
   2. BTrade
   3. CMigration/travel
   4. DTourism
   5. EShipping
   6. FTransported goods/foods
   7. GCivil unrest
7. 7Highways create environments for increased social and sexual interaction, higher HIV incidence, increased transmission of novel HIV strains, and increased risk for multiple exposures

   1. AVerdadero
   2. BFalso
8. 8Not enough people have access to basic sanitation, only 67% as of 2015.

   1. AVerdadero
   2. BFalso
9. 9What are examples of diarrheal diseases that occur in areas where there are inadequate fresh water and sanitation?

   1. ACholera
   2. BTyphoid
   3. CEbola
   4. DSalmonella
10. 10What does the faecal-oral transmission involve?
    [blank_start]Faeces[blank_end] --> [blank_start]fluids/fingers/flies/fields[blank_end] --> [blank_start]food[blank_end] --> [blank_start]new host[blank_end]

    1. AFaeces
    2. Bfluids/fingers/flies/fields
    3. Cfood
    4. Dnew host

11. 11What are the four processes that shape sanitation in Mumbai slums?

    1. APatronage - toilets in exchange for votes
    2. BSelf-managed processes - build and maintain own communal toilets
    3. CSolidarity and exclusion - small acts of protest/rebellion
    4. DSolidarity and exclusion - regular acts of protest/rebellion
    5. EOpen defecation - shitting in the open
12. 12Inadequate sanitation is not a driver of pandemic of diarrhoeal diseases.

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
13. 13What are methods to gain a better understanding of diseases in slums?

    1. AIn depth interviews
    2. BFocus group discussions
    3. CKey informant interviews
    4. D'Most Significant Change' method
    5. EHousehold observation
    6. FDistrict Health Data analysis
    7. GObserving lifestyle
14. 14What are drivers of hygiene behaviours, such as toilet use, handwashing with soap/ash, water storage and environmental cleanliness?

    1. AClimate/environment - constraints on hygiene behaviours due to water insecurity
    2. BCommunity contexts - open defecation free status, new social norms, civic pride, peer pressure
    3. CBiomedical health messaging - faecal-oral route of disease transmission , health risk of poor water and sanitation
    4. DEmotional drivers - disgust, nurture, shame, affiliation
    5. EEducation - educating children and adults about health risks
15. 15By 2050 over 40% of the world's population could be living in areas under severe water stress.

    1. AVerdadero
    2. BFalso
16. 16Why is it important to encourage hygiene behaviour change?

    1. ATo avoid building socio-culturally inappropriate infrastructures
    2. BTo avoid using engineering techniques and technologies that benefit wealthier and more powerful groups over others
    3. CTo better understand and engage the local drivers of improved sanitation and hygiene behaviours.
    4. DTo understand and address experience of structural disadvantage at everyday level.
    5. EImportant basis from which intervention can develop.
17. 17What are 3 approaches to tackling infectious disease?

    1. ADisease control - restricting the circulation of a disease to background levels
    2. BDisease elimination - the removal of a disease from a particular area
    3. CDisease eradication - the complete removal of a disease from existence
    4. DDisease prevention - preventing the disease from arising in the first place
18. 18Eradication must be biologically and technically possible. What do the biological and technical feasibility depend on?

    1. AThe availability of a suitable intervention to interrupt transmission of the disease
    2. BHumans central to the life cycle with no other vertebrate or environmental reservoirs
    3. CVisible symptoms or clear diagnostic tests for indentifying individuals with the disease
    4. DInvisible symptoms or clear diagnostic tests for indentifying individuals with the disease
19. 19Apart from feasibility, what else is important in the eradication of a disease?

    1. ASocial factors - support economically and politically
    2. BResources
    3. CNumber of people infected
    4. DEnvironmental aspects
20. 20What are examples of disease targeted for eradication?

    1. ADracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease)
    2. BLymphatic filariasis
    3. CMeasles
    4. DMumps
    5. EPoliomyelitis
    6. FRubella
    7. GPork tapeworm
    8. HEbola
21. 21Many neglected diseases are found in sites of poverty in low-income countries. What are examples of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)?

    1. AChagas disease
    2. BDengue
    3. CSleeping sickness
    4. DLeprosy
    5. EElephantiasis
    6. FRiver blindness
    7. GSchistosomiasis
    8. HSoil-transmitted helminths
    9. IPolio
22. 22What year was smallpox officially eradicated?

    1. A1986
    2. B1979
    3. C1980
    4. D1977
23. 23Why was smallpox eradicable?

    1. ANo animal reservoir or vector
    2. BDistinctive symptoms; easy to recognise
    3. CPeople only at risk when in presence of an infected person with obvious symptoms
    4. DVaccination very effective
    5. EVaccination easy to adminisiter and lasts around ten years
    6. FDifficult to contract
24. 24What kind of diffusion did smallpox involve?

    1. ARelocation
    2. BExpansion
    3. CHierarchial
    4. DDislocation
25. 25Why is it more difficult to eradicate polio?

    1. ASmall % of people actually show symptoms - makes it difficult to diagnose
    2. BNeed to keep treatment cold for effectiveness (cold chain)
    3. CCivil war - a lot of land mines so harder to get around
    4. DSocio-political issues - no surveillance
    5. EDifficult to gain access to vaccinations
26. 26What is the eradication strategy for Dracunculiasis?

    1. AMapping endemic villages and establishing surveillance in endemic villages, with immediate detection and reporting of cases
    2. BImplementing effective case containment measures in all endemic villages
    3. CInterventions such as safe water, education, community mobilization, filters and vector control of unsafe water sources with insecticide
    4. DReporting and maintaining global and national dracunculiasis databases
    5. EConsolidating advocacy for eradication of the disease
    6. FCertification process for global eradication

Descripción

SCIE10004 Test sobre Week 10, creado por Celine Wong el 12/10/2017.

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Celine Wong

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