Test
CC 100- (6) History of Criminological Theory
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Preguntas del test (29)
1To be good, a theory must be logical , with premises that support a conclusion
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
2Good theory should make [blank_start]statements or propositions[blank_end] about reality that can be tested
- Astatements or propositions
3KEY: [blank_start]theories[blank_end] do not emerge in isolation but, rather reflect what has gone on in the past and what is happening at the time of being proposed
- Atheories
4Positivist School- notion of criminality as an inherited (genetic) propensity
- AA. Reflection of Charles Darwin's 1959 theory of evolution
- BB. Gregor Mendel's 1865 work on genetics
- CC. a school of thought that attributed criminal behaviour to biological or psychological factors - often referred to as "Italian school"
- DD. All of the above
5Chicago School:
- Athe first school of sociology in US
- Bcontributed to social disorganization theory, cultural transmission theory, differential association theory, subcultural theory, the sociology of deviance and symbolic interactionism
- Cboth 1 and 2
- Dnone
6Theories of crime inspired by Religious beliefs & superstition:
- Abelief in evil spirits & magic
- Bascribed unusual phenomenon of nature to activities of evil spirits -leading to any pathology in human behaviour must be due to evil spirits
- Ctemptation- humans have free will, but Devil tempts (can resist through faith)
- DPossession- wrongdoers are possessed by evil spirits- severe and fatal methods used to rid person of spirits
7Blaming social problems on the Devil was a means to achieve 2 objectives:
1. diversion of [blank_start]attention[blank_end] away from failings and placed blame on individuals who were possessed
2. those in power made themselves indispensable by saying only they could stop the Devil
distinction between [blank_start]sin and crime[blank_end] was blurred (rise of influence of civil & religious authority)
Witches became a [blank_start]scapegoat[blank_end] for anger- Aattention
- Bthoughts
- Ccrimes
- Dsin and crime
- Ecrime and religion
- Fcrime and authority
- Gscapegoat
- Hproblem
- Idisplacement
8the Enlightenment:
- Arevolution caused a change in thinking - focus on systematic doubt, empirical and sensory verification of ideas
- Bideas shift to natural explanations based on reason and the scientific method (observation)
- Cprompted a more specific approach to understanding crime & criminal behaviour
- Dadded ideas of fanaticism and religious superstition
9Classical school of criminology c[blank_start]hallenged[blank_end] the way criminals were dealt with, c[blank_start]riticized[blank_end] absence of due process, and a[blank_start]rgued[blank_end] the death penalty & use of torture to extract confessions
- Ahallenged
- Briticized
- Crgued
10people voluntarily enter a social contract with the state:
- Agive up some freedom for a safer society
- Bstate had to provide protection without violating rights of citizens
- Ccitizens had to obey rules or face punishment from state
- Droots of classical theory lie here
11Core Principles:
Human beings as rational, logical actors
[blank_start]Hedonism[blank_end]- view that pleasure is the primary good, pursuit of pleasure
[blank_start]Utilitarianism[blank_end]- philosophy suggests reasoned decisions will produce the greatest good for the greatest #
[blank_start]Free Will-[blank_end] choices are not conditioned or determined by factors external to itself- AHedonism
- BFreedom
- CHostility
- DUtilitarianism
- EUtilise it
- FGoodwill
- GFree Will
- HFreedom
12Cesare Beccaria:
- Acriticized the cruelty, inhumanity, and arbitrariness of current justice system
- Bhelped focus movement for humanitarian reform in Europe
- Cborn criminal
- Dconditioned criminal
13Jeremy Bentham:
- Aargued humans are rational free-willed actors
- Bbehaviour is governed by hedonistic (pleasure-pain) calculus
- Cpunishment should be restricted just enough to achieve deterrence
- Dnone of the above
14Classical theory of crime emerged from the rational criminal
-penalties deter people from breaking law
-punishment should fit crime and be proportional to harm done to society
-to be effective punishment should be swift and certain- AVerdadero
- BFalso
15Examples of Classical School Thinking in modern CJS:
1. [blank_start]Codification of Criminal Offences[blank_end] - list of possible penalties/sentences for violation of law
2. [blank_start]Presumption of Innocence[blank_end]- right to fair trial, to know the case
3. [blank_start]Legal Concepts of Mens Rea[blank_end]- (Criminal Intent)
4. [blank_start]Contemporary Prisons[blank_end]- notion of imprisonment as form of punishment- ACodification of Criminal Offences
- BPresumption of Innocence
- CLegal Concepts of Mens Rea
- DContemporary Prisons
16Early Biological Theories:
- APhysiognomy- facial features could reveal inner characteristics (deceitfulness)
- BPsychiatry- increasing interest in moral insanity (psychopathology)
- CPhrenology- abnormalities in shape of skull indicative of morality and intelligence
- Dpsychology- notion of psychological thought in terms of our actions
17Cesare Lombroso (father of modern criminology) first to systematically apply scientific method to study of criminality concluded that criminals were:
- AActivists
- BAtavictic- degenerate (features like apes - retreating foreheads, large ears, etc.)
- Cugly
18Enrico Ferri coined term "Born Criminal" - concept described the biologically determined criminal
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
19different offenders had different stigmata:
e.g. robbers have small, shifting, quick moving eyes
deviant women were almost always : brunette, masculine, heavy eyebrows & thin lips- AVerdadero
- BFalso
20Phrenology sought to determine an indvidiuals:
- Acharacter & personality traits
- Bmental & moral faculties
- Ccriminality based on shape of their head
- Dbrains & brain activity
- Esmaller brains have greater activity
- Fpromised to explain every form of criminal behaviour (serial killers etc.)
21Lombrosos scientific method was flawed because:
- Acontrol groups were poorly chosen
- Bcontrol groups were too small
- Cstatistical techniques were crude
- Dmeasurements were sloppy
- Eassumed those in prison were criminals (free people were not)
- Fcontrol groups were too large
22this involved objectively mapping the relationship between human physique, personality & criminal propensity:
- ACriminology
- BSomatotyping
- Ccriminological studies
- Dtheories of crime
23[blank_start]Somatotyping[blank_end] involved mapping the relationship between human physique, personality & criminal propensity
Linked 3 distinct body types with behavioural dispositions:
-The [blank_start]Asthenic[blank_end] (skinny, frail & weak)
-The [blank_start]Athletic[blank_end] (muscular)
-The [blank_start]Pyknic[blank_end] (short & round)
Devised 3 Typifications:
(a) [blank_start]Ectomorph[blank_end]-lean, fragile, introspective, sensitive, nervous
(b) [blank_start]Mesomorph[blank_end] - hard, muscular, rectangular, restless, energetic, insensitive
(c)[blank_start]Endomorph[blank_end] - soft, round, easygoing, sociable, self-indulgent- ASomatotyping
- Bcriminology
- Cbehavioural psychologists
- DAsthenic
- Eathletics
- Fauthentic
- GAthletic
- HAthlete
- Iasthenic
- JPyknic
- Kpicknic
- Lfat
- MEctomorph
- Nectamorph
- Omesamorph
- PMesomorph
- Qmetamorphosis
- REndomorph
- Sendamorph
- TMesomorph
24delinquents possessed a mesomorphically dominant somatotype
- AVerdadero
- BFalso
25The XYY genotypes:
- A7 of 197 inmates of prison for mental disabilities and dangerous violent criminal propensities were XYY
- BXXY syndrome - might predispose men toward deviant behaviour
- Cthe XYY genotype was a kind of super-masculine- super male
- Dsyndrome linked to aggression, psychosis, sexual deviancy, criminal offending
26[blank_start]Free will[blank_end]:
-[blank_start]classical[blank_end] school
-humans born [blank_start]without[blank_end] instincts
-individuals make rational choices
-crime is violation of social contract
-solution to crime is [blank_start]deterrence[blank_end]
[blank_start]Determinism[blank_end]:
-[blank_start]Positivist[blank_end] school
-behaviour determined by inherited genetic makeup
-crime is caused by disease ([blank_start]medical model[blank_end])
-solution to crime is [blank_start]treatment[blank_end]- AFree will
- Bdeterminism
- Cclassical criminology
- Dpositive psychology
- Eclassical
- Fbehavioural
- Ggenetic
- Hpositive
- Iwithout
- Jwith
- Kwith heightened
- Ldeterrence
- Mretribution
- Nrevenge
- Omedication
- PDeterminism
- Qfree will
- Rdetention
- SPositivist
- Tclassical
- Upsychological
- Vmedical model
- Wmedical perspective
- Xbiological issues
- Ytreatment
- Zretribution
- AAdetention
- ABdeterrence
27Emile Durkheim:
- Awas highly critical of early positivist school
- Bsays all societies have crime, a certain amount must be normal
- Cobjected the idea of criminality as disease
- Doriginator of differential association theory
28Edwin Sutherland:
- Asociologist
- Bargued criminal behaviour was learned through interaction with social environment (differential association theory)
- Ccoined "white collar crime"
- Dfrench
29[blank_start]Conflict[blank_end]:
-society, its laws, and legal system are rooted in social, political and economic conflict
-those who have wealth and power get to decide what will be against the law & who will be targeted by legal authorities
[blank_start]Consensus[blank_end]:
-society and its laws are rooted in shared values & beliefs
-society is viewed as a natural, organic entity that works to benefit all of its constituents
-those who behave in a socially unacceptable manner are regarded as deviant or criminal (subject to punishment, incapacitation, or treatment)- AConflict
- BConsensus
- CCorrectional
- DCorrections
- Econsensus
- Fconflict
- Gchoices
- Hcritical thinking
Información
- Descripción
- Criminology
- Autor
- Alyssa Elligson
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 39
- Etiquetas
- Valoración
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