2500763
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
A 52-year-old female is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of pericarditis. She asks the nurse to explain where the infection is. In providing an accurate description, the nurse states that the pericardium is:
Respuesta
-
The innermost layer of the heart chambers
-
The outer muscular layer of the heart
-
The heart's fibrous skeleton
-
A membranous sac that encloses the heart
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
A 50-year-old female received trauma to the chest that caused severe impairment of the primary pacemaker cells of the heart. Which of the following areas received the greatest damage?
Respuesta
-
Atrioventricular (AV) node
-
Sinoatrial (SA) node
-
Bundle of His
-
Ventricles
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
A cardiologist is teaching about the period that follows depolarization of the myocardium and represents a period during which no new cardiac potential can be propagated. What is the cardiologist describing?
Respuesta
-
Absolute refractory
-
Threshold
-
Hyperpolarization
-
Resting
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
The _____ represents the sum of all ventricular muscle cell depolarization.
Respuesta
-
QRS Complex
-
PR Interval
-
QT Interval
-
P Wave
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
A 65-year-old male develops blockage in the pulmonary artery. As a result of the blockage, blood would first back up into the:
Respuesta
-
Right Ventricle
-
Pulmonary Veins
-
Aorta
-
Left Ventricle
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
Which principle should the nurse remember when planning nursing care for a patient with heart problems? As stated by the Frank- Starling law, there is a direct relationship between the _____ of the blood in the heart at the end of diastole and the _____ of contraction during the next systole.
Respuesta
-
Viscosity, Duration
-
Viscosity, Force
-
Pressure, Duration
-
Volume, Force
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
While planning care for a heart patient, which principle should the nurse recall? Right ventricular afterload is affected by:
Respuesta
-
Vascular Resistance in the Systemic Vessels
-
Pressures in the Vena Cava
-
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
-
Right end-diastolic pressure
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
A nurse observes a cardiologist multiplying the heart rate by stroke volume. What is the cardiologist measuring?
Respuesta
-
Cardiac Output
-
Preload
-
Vascular Resistance
-
Ejection Fraction
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
A nurse is teaching about the heart. Which information should the nurse include? The chamber of the heart that generates the highest pressure is the:
Respuesta
-
Left Atrium
-
Right Ventricle
-
Left Ventricle
-
Right Atrium
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
A patient researches baroreceptors online. Which information indicates a good understanding? Baroreceptors are located in the:
Respuesta
-
Carotid Sinus
-
Circle of Willis
-
Superior Vena Cava
-
Renal Artery
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
A nurse is evaluating the direct end effect of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Which principle should the nurse remember?
Respuesta
-
Aldosterone Increases renal retention of water only
-
Angiotensin II causes systemic vasoconstriction.
-
Renin promotes the excretion of sodium and water in the renal tubules.
-
Angiotensin I promotes sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys.
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
When a patient wants to know about the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, what is the nurse’s best response? Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II happens in the:
Respuesta
-
Heart
-
Liver
-
Kidneys
-
Lungs
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
Which statement indicates the nurse understands blood flow? Oxygenated blood flows through the:
Respuesta
-
Pulmonary Artery
-
Pulmonary Veins
-
Cardiac Veins
-
Superior Vena Cava
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
A 60-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain. He is diagnosed with atherosclerosis. This disease is caused by:
Respuesta
-
Arterial wall thinning and weakening
-
Autonomic nervous system imbalances
-
Abnormal thickening and hardening of vessel walls
-
Abnormally dilated arteries and veins
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
When a nurse checks the patient for orthostatic hypotension, what did the nurse have the patient do?
Respuesta
-
Lie Down
-
Eat
-
Physical Exertion
-
Stand up
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
What term should the nurse document for a detached blood clot?
Respuesta
-
Embolus
-
Thromboembolus
-
Thrombus
-
Infarction
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
A 32-year-old female presents with lower leg pain, with swelling and redness. While obtaining the patient’s history, which finding could have caused her condition?
Respuesta
-
Venous Thrombus
-
Heart Valve Damage
-
Atherosclerosis
-
Bacterial Infection
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
A 28-year-old female presents with severe chest pain and shortness of breath. She is diagnosed with pulmonary embolism, which most likely originated from the:
Respuesta
-
Left Ventricle
-
Systemic Arteries
-
Deep Veins of the leg
-
Superficial veins of the arm
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
Individuals with Raynaud disease need to be counseled to avoid which of the following conditions to prevent severe symptoms?
Respuesta
-
Allergic Reactions
-
Hot Water Immersion
-
Tissue Injury
-
Cold Exposure
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
A 75-year-old obese female presents to her primary care provider reporting edema in the lower extremities. Physical exam reveals that she has varicose veins. Upon performing the history, which of the following is a possible cause for the varicose veins?
Respuesta
-
Extreme Exercise
-
Long Periods of Standing
-
Ischemia
-
Trauma to the deep veins
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
While planning care for a patient with superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS), which principle should the nurse remember? SVCS is a progressive _____ of the superior vena cava (SVC) that leads to venous distention of the upper extremities and head.
Respuesta
-
Distention
-
Sclerosis
-
Occlusion
-
Inflammation
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
A 56-year-old male is diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Which of the following modifiable risk factors would the nurse suggest the patient change?
Respuesta
-
Smoking cigarettes
-
Eating Meat
-
Drinking Tomato Juice
-
Living Arrangements
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
When a patient asks the nurse what is the most common cause of myocardial ischemia, which statement is the correct response? The most common cause of myocardial ischemia is:
Respuesta
-
Venous emboli
-
Idiopathic vasospasm
-
Arterial emboli from heart valve
-
Atherosclerosis
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
A 51-year-old male presents with recurrent chest pain on exertion. He is diagnosed with angina pectoris. When he asks what causes the pain, how should the nurse respond? The pain occurs when:
Respuesta
-
Cardiac output has fallen below normal levels.
-
The myocardial oxygen supply has fallen below demand.
-
The vagus nerve is stimulated.
-
Myocardial stretch has exceeded the upper limits.
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
A 51-year-old male is at the health clinic for an annual physical exam. After walking from the car to the clinic, he developed substernal pain. He also reported discomfort in his left shoulder and his jaw, lasting 2 to 3 minutes and then subsiding with rest. He indicates that this has occurred frequently over the past few months with similar exertion. The nurse suspects he is most likely experiencing:
Respuesta
-
Myocardial Infarction
-
Prinzmetal Angina
-
Unstable Angina
-
Stable Angina
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
A 49-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting chest pain. EKG reveals ST elevation. He is diagnosed with myocardial ischemia. Which of the following interventions would be most beneficial?
Respuesta
-
Encourage exercise to increase heart rate.
-
Administer a diuretic to decrease volume.
-
Apply oxygen to increase myocardial oxygen supply.
-
Give an antibiotic to decrease infection.
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
A 60-year-old female had a myocardial infarction. She was brought to the hospital 30 minutes later. She survived, but now the nurse is providing care for impaired ventricular function because:
Respuesta
-
There is too much stress on the heart.
-
The cells become hypertrophic.
-
There is a temporary alteration in electrolyte balance.
-
The resulting ischemia leads to hypoxic injury and myocardial cell death.
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
While planning care, the nurse remembers which principle? In valvular _____, the valve opening is constricted and narrowed because the valve leaflets, or cusps, fail to open completely.
Respuesta
-
Incompetence
-
Regurgitation
-
Stenosis
-
Insufficiency
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
A 60-year-old female was diagnosed with mitral stenosis. As a result, the nurse realizes the patient has incomplete emptying of the:
Respuesta
-
Left Atrium
-
Right Ventricle
-
Right Atrium
-
Left Ventricle
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
A 72-year-old female has a history of hypertension and atherosclerosis. An echocardiogram reveals backflow of blood into the left ventricle. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis documented on the chart?
Respuesta
-
Aortic stenosis
-
Mitral regurgitation
-
Mitral stenosis
-
Aortic regurgitation
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
Most cases of combined systolic and diastolic hypertension have no known cause and are documented on the chart as _____ hypertension.
Respuesta
-
Congenital
-
Acquired
-
Primary
-
Secondary
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Which characteristic changes should the nurse keep in mind while caring for a patient with left heart failure? As left heart failure progresses:
Respuesta
-
Left end-diastolic volume decreases.
-
Systemic vascular resistance decreases.
-
Left ventricular preload increases.
-
Pulmonary vascular resistance decreases.
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
A 65-year-old male with a history of untreated hypertension is now experiencing left heart failure. A nurse recalls his untreated hypertension led to:
Respuesta
-
Alterations in alpha and beta receptor function
-
Ventricular dilation and wall thinning
-
Inhibition of renin and aldosterone
-
Myocardial hypertrophy and ventricular remodeling
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
A 59-year-old female is diagnosed with left ventricular failure. If a decrease in kidney perfusion occurs, the nurse knows this would ultimately cause:
Respuesta
-
Decreased cardiac oxygen demand
-
Increased pulmonary capillary permeability
-
Increased systemic vascular resistance
-
Decreased left ventricular preload
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
When a patient with left heart failure starts to have a cough and dyspnea, which principle should the nurse remember? Pulmonary symptoms, common to left heart failure, are a result of:
Respuesta
-
Pulmonary vascular congestion
-
Inflammatory pulmonary edema
-
Decreased cardiac output
-
Bronchoconstriction
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
A 65-year-old male is diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease and elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures should the nurse assess for in this patient?
Respuesta
-
Left heart failure
-
Right heart failure
-
Low-output failure
-
High-output failure
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
When a person is in shock, a nurse remembers impairment in cellular metabolism is cause by:
Respuesta
-
Free radical formation
-
Lack of nervous or endocrine stimulation
-
Release of toxic substances
-
Inadequate tissue perfusion
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
One consequence of switching from aerobic to anaerobic cellular metabolism during shock states is:
Respuesta
-
Decreased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production
-
Cellular dehydration
-
Free radical formation
-
Cellular alkalosis
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
A 27-year-old male is admitted to a neurologic unit with a complete C-5 spinal cord transection. On initial assessment, he is bradycardic, hypotensive, and hyperventilating. He appears to be going into shock. The most likely mechanism of his shock is:
Respuesta
-
Hypovolemia caused by evaporative fluid losses
-
Hypovolemia caused by blood loss
-
Vasodilation caused by a decrease in sympathetic stimulation
-
Vasodilation caused by gram-negative bacterial infection
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
A 15-year-old male who is allergic to peanuts eats a peanut butter cup. He then goes into anaphylactic shock. Which assessment findings will the nurse assess for?
Respuesta
-
Bradycardia, decreased arterial pressure, and oliguria
-
Bronchoconstriction, hives or edema, and hypotension
-
Hypertension, anxiety, and tachycardia
-
Fever, hypotension, and erythematous rash
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
For an infection to progress to septic shock, which of the following factors should the nurse determine occurred?
Respuesta
-
The individual must be immunosuppressed.
-
Bacteria must enter the bloodstream.
-
The myocardium must be impaired.
-
The infection must be gram negative.
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Which patient is most prone to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? In a patient with:
Respuesta
-
Pulmonary disease
-
Septic shock
-
Myocardial infarction (MI)
-
Autoimmune disease
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
Which is the most common type of congenital heart defect the nurse should assess for in infants?
Respuesta
-
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
-
Atrioventricular canal defect
-
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
-
Tetralogy of Fallot
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
A newborn experiences frequent periods of cyanosis, usually occurring during crying or after feeding. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart?
Respuesta
-
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
-
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
-
Atrioventricular canal (AVC) defect
-
Tetralogy of Fallot
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
A newborn baby is severely cyanotic. An echocardiogram reveals transposition of the great arteries. A nurse assesses for which of the following, as it usually occurs with this defect?
Respuesta
-
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
-
The aorta leaving the right ventricle
-
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
-
The pulmonary artery leaving the right ventricle
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
A newborn child is diagnosed with tetralogy of Fallot. What symptoms would the nurse expect to observe in the child?
Respuesta
-
Leg pain and twitching
-
Epistaxis and anemia
-
High-pitched cry and dyspnea
-
Cyanosis and hypoxia
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
A 5-year-old female is found to have hypertension during three separate visits to her primary care provider. The nurse would expect tests to suggest that the hypertension is secondary to:
Respuesta
-
Renal disease
-
Hypocalcemia
-
Hyponatremia
-
Brain tumor
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
A 1-month-old infant visits his primary care provider for a well-baby check. Physical exam reveals decreased cardiac output, hypotension, tachycardia, and a loud murmur suggestive of aortic stenosis. Which of the following would be expected with this diagnosis?
Respuesta
-
Atrial dilation
-
Ventricular hypertrophy
-
Decreased contractility
-
Atrial rigidity
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
The nasopharynx is lined with a ciliated mucosal membrane with a highly vascular blood supply. The nurse is discussing the functions of this membrane. Which information should be included? One function of the membrane is to:
Respuesta
-
Absorb Air
-
Humidify Air
-
Exchange gases
-
Cool Air
Pregunta 50
Pregunta
A 42-year-old male was involved in a motor vehicle accident during which he suffered a severe head injury. He died shortly after the accident from loss of respiration. The nurse suspects the area of the brain most likely involved is the:
Respuesta
-
Brainstem
-
Cerebral Cortex
-
Basal Ganglia
-
Thalamus
Pregunta 51
Pregunta
While planning care for a patient with respiratory difficulty and retaining too much carbon dioxide, which principle should the nurse recall? _______ would be stimulated in an attempt to maintain a normal homeostatic state.
Respuesta
-
Irritant receptors
-
Central chemoreceptors
-
Peripheral chemoreceptors
-
Stretch receptors
Pregunta 52
Pregunta
A patient asks how oxygen is transported in the body. What is the nurse’s best response? Most of the oxygen (O2) is transported:
Respuesta
-
Dissolved in the plasma
-
Bound to hemoglobin
-
As a free-floating molecule
-
In the form of carbon dioxide (CO2)
Pregunta 53
Pregunta
Which principle should the nurse remember while planning care for a patient with respiratory problems? Diffusion of respiratory gases takes place at the:
Respuesta
-
Alveolocapillary membrane
-
Respiratory center
-
Parietal pleurae
-
Visceral pleurae
Pregunta 54
Pregunta
A 10-year-old female develops pneumonia. Physical exam reveals subcostal and intercostal retractions. She reports that breathing is difficult and she feels she cannot get enough air. What term should the nurse use to document this condition?
Respuesta
-
Orthopnea
-
Dyspnea
-
Cyanosis
-
Hyperpnea
Pregunta 55
Pregunta
A nurse is teaching staff about pulmonary edema. Which information should the nurse include? The most common cause of pulmonary edema is:
Respuesta
-
Left Heart Failure
-
Asthma
-
Lung Cancer
-
Right Heart Failure
Pregunta 56
Pregunta
A 50-year-old male presents with hypotension, hypoxemia, and tracheal deviation to the left. Tests reveal that the air pressure in the pleural cavity exceeds barometric pressure in the atmosphere. Based upon these assessment findings, what does the nurse suspect the patient is experiencing?
Respuesta
-
Transudative pneumothorax
-
Open pneumothorax
-
Pleural effusion
-
Tension pneumothorax
Pregunta 57
Pregunta
A 20-year-old male presents to his primary care provider reporting difficulty breathing when lying down. What term should the nurse use to document this condition?
Respuesta
-
Dyspnea
-
Tachypnea
-
Orthopnea
-
Apnea
Pregunta 58
Pregunta
A 42-year-old female presents with dyspnea; rapid, shallow breathing; inspiratory crackles; decreased lung compliance; and hypoxemia. Tests reveal a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis the nurse will observe on the chart?
Respuesta
-
Sarcoidosis
-
Malignant respiratory failure
-
Postoperative respiratory failure
-
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Pregunta 59
Pregunta
A nurse is preparing to teach the staff about asthma. Which information should the nurse include? Airway obstruction contributing to increased airflow resistance and hypoventilation in asthma is caused by:
Respuesta
-
Type II alveolar cell injury and decreased surfactant
-
Collapse of the cartilaginous rings in the bronchi
-
Mucus secretion, bronchoconstriction, and airway edema
-
Alveolar fibrosis and pulmonary edema
Pregunta 60
Pregunta
A 25-year-old male presents with chronic bronchitis of 5 months’ duration. When obtaining the patient’s history, which of the following findings is most likely to cause this condition?
Respuesta
-
Air Pollution
-
Recurrent Pneumonias
-
Cigarette Smoke
-
Chronic Asthma
Pregunta 61
Pregunta
A 30-year-old female received a severe head injury in a motor vehicle accident. She is now experiencing respiratory abnormalities characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing with periods of apnea. What term should the nurse use when charting this condition?
Respuesta
-
Apnea
-
Orthopnea
-
Cheyne-Stokes
-
Frank-Starling
Pregunta 62
Pregunta
When the nurse observes a diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia, the patient generally acquires this pneumonia:
Respuesta
-
During Hospitalization
-
In the winter season
-
At day care centers
-
On airplanes
Pregunta 63
Pregunta
Which of the following patients is at highest risk for developing pulmonary embolism (PE)?
Respuesta
-
36-year-old woman with a history of alcohol abuse who is recovering from a gastric ulcer
-
21-year-old male with a hemophilia bleeding disorder
-
72-year-old male who is recovering from hip replacement surgery in the hospital
-
28-year-old woman who had a baby 6 months earlier
Pregunta 64
Pregunta
When a patient has a massive pulmonary embolism (PE), what complications will the nurse monitor for?
Respuesta
-
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
-
Damage to the lung microcapillaries
-
Shock and death
-
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Pregunta 65
Pregunta
A 1-year-old female is diagnosed with croup. When the parent asks what caused this, what is the nurse’s best response? The most likely cause of this disease is:
Respuesta
-
Bacteria
-
Acute Hyperventiliation
-
Allergy
-
Viral Infection
Pregunta 66
Pregunta
A 6-month-old female presents with rhinorrhea, cough, poor feeding, lethargy, and fever. She is diagnosed with bronchiolitis. Which of the following will the nurse most likely observe on the culture report?
Respuesta
-
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
-
Haemophilus B influenzae
-
Parainfluenza virus
-
Respiratory syncytial virus
Pregunta 67
Pregunta
While planning care, a nurse recalls respiratory distress and hypoxemia in laryngotracheobronchitis are caused by:
Respuesta
-
Nasopharyngeal obstruction
-
Mucosal edema
-
Infectious pulmonary edema
-
Decreased surfactant
Pregunta 68
Pregunta
While reviewing lab results, to help confirm a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis in a 1-year-old child which substance will be present in the child’s sweat?
Respuesta
-
Carbonic acid
-
Sodium chloride
-
Potassium
-
Magnesium
Pregunta 69
Pregunta
To prevent sudden infant death syndrome, the nurse should instruct parents to:
Respuesta
-
Keep the infant’s room very warm.
-
Always lay infants down on their backs to sleep.
-
Breast-feed their infants.
-
Place infants on a soft mattress for sleeping.
Pregunta 70
Pregunta
A newborn has respiratory distress syndrome. When obtaining the patient’s history, which of the following is the most important predisposing factor for this condition?
Respuesta
-
Premature Birth
-
Low Birth Weight
-
Alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy
-
Smoking by the mother during pregnancy
Pregunta 71
Pregunta
During a respiratory assessment of an infant with respiratory distress syndrome, a sinking in the supraclavicular and intercostal areas of the thorax was noted with inspiration. This observation is documented as:
Respuesta
-
Grunting
-
Retractions
-
Nasal Flaring
-
Tachypnea
Pregunta 72
Pregunta
When a staff member asks what the patent opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery in a fetus is called, how should the nurse reply? It is the:
Respuesta
-
Septal Defect
-
Foramen Ovale
-
Ductus Arteriosus
-
Sinus Venosus
Pregunta 73
Pregunta
A 20-year-old male is in acute pain. An arterial blood gas reveals decreased carbon dioxide (CO2) levels. Which of the following does the nurse suspect is the most likely cause?
Respuesta
-
Hyperventilation
-
Apnea
-
Hypoventilation
-
Cyanosis
Pregunta 74
Pregunta
A 65-year-old female with emphysema presents to the ER for difficulty breathing. Physical exam reveals bluish skin and mucous membranes. How should the nurse chart this condition? Patient has:
Respuesta
-
Hematemesis
-
Hemoptysis
-
Cyanosis
-
Ischemia
Pregunta 75
Pregunta
A 28-year-old male reports to his primary care provider that he has had a cold for a week and is coughing up bloody secretions. When giving report, what term should the nurse use to describe this condition?
Respuesta
-
Rhinitis
-
Hematemesis
-
Cyanosis
-
Hemoptysis
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