2636085
Pregunta 1
Pregunta
G1 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Respuesta
-
Preparation for DNA synthesis
-
DNA synthesis
-
Proofreading of DNA synthesis
-
Mitosis
Pregunta 2
Pregunta
S phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Respuesta
-
Preparation for DNA synthesis
-
DNA synthesis
-
Proofreading of DNA synthesis
-
Mitosis
Pregunta 3
Pregunta
G2 describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Respuesta
-
Preparation for DNA synthesis
-
DNA synthesis
-
Proofreading of DNA synthesis
-
Mitosis
Pregunta 4
Pregunta
M phase describes what stage of the cell cycle?
Respuesta
-
Preparation for DNA synthesis
-
DNA synthesis
-
Proofreading of DNA synthesis
-
Mitosis
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
What is mitotic spindle composed of?
Respuesta
-
Microtubules
-
MTAP's
-
Intermediate filaments
-
Actin filaments
-
Centrioles
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
When does chromosome packaging occur?
Respuesta
-
In S phase after DNA replication
-
After S phase
-
In M phase
-
In G1
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
There are many histone genes that can make lots of histones to match the production of DNA during S phase.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
What is the process of mitosis?
Respuesta
-
Prophase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Metaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).
-
Metaphase (nuclear envelope breaks down and kinetochores develop and spindle fibres attach to them) -> Prophase (microtubules disassemble and reassociate at centrioles) -> Anaphase (chromosomes seperate and chromatids are pulled to opposite ends of the cell) -> Telophase (new nuclear envelope forms, condensed chromatin expands and nucleoli reappear).
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
SPACER - CELL PROLIF 1,2,3 CONTINUE AFTER FLUID COMPARTMENTS
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
What are the three main fluid compartments in the body?
Respuesta
-
Interstitial fluid
-
Blood plasma
-
Intracellular fluid
-
Intercellular fluid
-
Red blood cells
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
[K+] in interstitial fluid > [K+] in the intracellular fluid
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Osmolarity takes into the concentration of what two types of solutes?
Respuesta
-
Non-permeable
-
Permeable
-
Ionising
-
Suspending
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
In normal conditions the ICF and ECF tend to be in equilibrium at an osmolarity of around ~289mOsmol/L
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
A 300Mm solution of glucose = A 300Mm solution of NaCl
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
If there is not osmotic balance, how can the cell try to bring back balance?
Respuesta
-
Selective opening and closing of ion channels
-
Opening all the ion channels
-
Pumping water out via active transport pumps
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
Tonicity only considers which type of solute?
Respuesta
-
Non-permeable
-
Permeable
-
Ionising
-
Suspending
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
The osmotic pressure is dependent on the total concentration of all solutes.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
The osmotic pressure is the pressure applied to prevent inward flow of water across a semi-permeable membrane.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
With osmolarity problems, the permeable solute will move to concentrations of lower permeable solute. With tonicity problems, water will move to the area with the highest concentration of non-permeable solute.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
A small change in the concentration of organic ions creates a small potential difference across the membrane.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
If K+ leaves the cell, the negative charge created in the cell will attract the positive K+ back into the cell and therefore there is typically no net movement of ions.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Why is Goldmann's equation more useful than Nernst's?
Respuesta
-
Goldmann's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Nernst's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.
-
Nernst's equation takes into account all of the organic ions that are involved in the resting membrane potential and also their permeabilities whereas Goldmann's only takes into account one type of ion and not the permeability.
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
Ions with a greater concentration outside of the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Ions with a greater concentration inside the cell always have a negative equilibrium potential.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
The RMP of a cell is closest to potassium because potassium is the most permeable ion. RMP is determined by the membranes high permeability to potassium.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
Necrosis damages surrounding cells because of hydrolytic enzyme release from what organelle?
Respuesta
-
Lysosomes
-
Peroxisomes
-
Mitochondria
-
Golgi apparatus
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
Apoptosis is...?
Respuesta
-
Controlled cell death
-
Uncontrolled cell death
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
What is happening in the first stage of apoptosis?
Respuesta
-
The cell shrivels
-
The nucleus fragments
-
The plasma membrane breaks down
-
Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
-
Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
What is happening in the second stage of apoptosis?
Respuesta
-
The cell shrivels
-
The nucleus fragments
-
The plasma membrane breaks down
-
Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
-
Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
What is happening in the third stage of apoptosis?
Respuesta
-
The cell shrivels
-
The nucleus fragments
-
The plasma membrane breaks down
-
Cytochrome C is released from the mitochondria
-
Apoptotic bodies are produced and macrophages engulf them via phagocytosis
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
The ECM are basement membrane are needed for development of cells. Without these factors, the cell has a disorganised structure.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
Why do burns victims not have a good prognosis?
Respuesta
-
The basement membrane is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
-
The cytoskeleton is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
-
The granular layer of epidermis is sometimes destroyed which contains stem cells. Absence of these stem cells means that cell proliferation cannot take place and thus skin doesn't regrow.
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
Integrins are heterodimeric receptors that are bound to ECM trigger active intracellular responses that impact on cell proliferation / attachments.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
Various cell factors may tell the cell to do which of the following things?
Respuesta
-
Proliferate (Growth factors)
-
Become dormant (Survival factors)
-
Differentiate (Differentiation factors)
-
Undergo apoptosis (Death signal)
-
Necrotise (Necrotic factors)
-
Expand (Expansive factor)
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Mitogenic growth factors have effect from the start of G1 until which stage of the cell cycle?
Respuesta
-
S phase
-
G1
-
G2
-
M
-
R point - 3/4 through G1
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
When growth factors bind to tyrosine kinase receptors, what happens intracellularly?
Respuesta
-
Tyr residues are phosphorylated which generates internal effects
-
Tyr residues are dephosphorylated which generates internal effects
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Phosphorylation of Tyr residues produces intracellular effects
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Tyrosine phosphorylation is associated with cancer cell death.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 39
Pregunta
Proteins recognise phosphorylated tyrosine domains. GDP is then substituted for GTP in RAS. Why is the hydrolysis of GTP important?
Respuesta
-
It terminates cell proliferation signals which prevents excessive cell proliferation.
-
GTP hydrolysis occurs in cancer and leads to excessive cell proliferation.
Pregunta 40
Pregunta
Without checkpoints that regulate the cell cycle, such as the role of TGF-b, loss of checkpoints occur and genomic instability and thus cell proliferation occurs.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 41
Pregunta
Cyclin proteins increase the quantity of Cyclin dependent kinases.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 42
Pregunta
Growth factors and Integrins result in Cyclin D production which helps to progress the cell through the cell cycle
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 43
Pregunta
pRb is the guardian of S phase.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 44
Pregunta
The function of CDK inhibitors such as p21 is to inhibit the cell cycle and prevent excessive cell proliferation (e.g. if damaged DNA is detected).
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 45
Pregunta
If a CDK inhibitor is translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, its inhibitory effect is stopped.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 46
Pregunta
What are triggers for apoptosis to occur?
Respuesta
-
Breakages in DNA strands
-
Hypoxia
-
Unregulated growth factor signals
-
Hypercapnia
-
Hyperkalaemia
Pregunta 47
Pregunta
Which protein receives information about metabolic disorders and genetic damage within the cell and initiates repair (minor) or apoptosis (major)?
Respuesta
-
P53
-
pRb
-
P21
Pregunta 48
Pregunta
The intrinsic pathway that initiates apoptosis involves what signal that causes release of cytochrome c?
Respuesta
-
MOMP
-
MTAP
-
HAMP
-
IBAT
Pregunta 49
Pregunta
BCL-2 can keep Cytochrome C trapped in the mitochondria; prevent apoptosis.
Respuesta
- True
- False
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