Pregunta 1
Respuesta
-
Threshold
-
Depolarisation
-
Repolarisation
-
Hyperpolarisation
Pregunta 2
Respuesta
-
Depolarisation
-
Repolarisation
-
Hyperpolarisation
-
Threshold
Pregunta 3
Respuesta
-
Repolarisation
-
Hyperpolarisation
-
Depolarisation
-
Threshold
Pregunta 4
Respuesta
-
Hyperpolarisation
-
Depolarisation
-
Repolarisation
-
Threshold
Pregunta 5
Pregunta
The absolute refractory period refers to the period of hyperpolarisation in an action potential.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 6
Pregunta
The refractory period is important for what?
Respuesta
-
Unidirectionality
-
Discrete action potentials
Pregunta 7
Pregunta
Conductance is approximately equal to permeability.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 8
Pregunta
How is an action potential propagated in a non-myelinated axon?
Respuesta
-
The local current in an axonal section flows to the next "segment" of the axon, causing depolarisation of that part of the membrane. This continues, causing propagation of the action potential.
-
The non-myelinated axon is insulated by a myelin sheath which allows current to 'jump' from node to node, via "saltatory conduction".
Pregunta 9
Pregunta
Anterograde transport occurs away from the cell body of a neurone.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 10
Pregunta
Kinesin are motor proteins that partake in anterograde transport.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 11
Pregunta
Kinesin walk towards the positive end of microtubules found in the axon, which usually leads away from the cell body of the neuron.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 12
Pregunta
Motor proteins carry vesicles or membrane bound organelles like mitochondria to their desired location.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 13
Pregunta
What is the correct process of wallerian degeneration?
Respuesta
-
Trauma -> Axonal breakdown -> Macrophage invasion from nearby blood vessels -> Phagocytosis -> Ready for regeneration
-
Trauma -> Axonal breakdown -> Axonal fragments absorbed into bloodstream -> Ready for regeneration
Pregunta 14
Pregunta
What is the correct process of wallerian regeneration?
Respuesta
-
Edge of trauma site develops an axonal sprout -> the sprout encourages schwann cell division -> the schwann cells release neurotrophins to guide the growth cone -> growth cone grows -> axon regenerated
-
Edge of trauma site develops an axonal sprout -> the sprout encourages oligodendrocyte division -> the oligodendrocytes release neurotrophins to guide the growth cone -> growth cone grows -> axon regenerated
Pregunta 15
Pregunta
A class 1 nerve injury would cause what?
Respuesta
-
Minor compression and no axon degeneration
-
Crushing and resulting degeneration
-
Severe tear and endoneurium will be compromised
Pregunta 16
Pregunta
A class 2 nerve injury would cause what?
Respuesta
-
Minor compression and no axon degeneration
-
Crushing and resulting degeneration
-
Severe tear and endoneurium will be compromised
Pregunta 17
Pregunta
A class 3 nerve injury would cause what?
Respuesta
-
Minor compression and no axon degeneration
-
Crushing and resulting degeneration
-
Severe tear and endoneurium will be compromised
Pregunta 18
Pregunta
Reactive astrocytes contribute to CNS nerve regeneration.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 19
Pregunta
What part of a local anaesthetic is shown by the red question mark?
Respuesta
-
Aromatic ring
-
Linkage
-
Amine group
Pregunta 20
Pregunta
What part of a local anaesthetic is shown by the green question mark?
Respuesta
-
Amine group
-
Aromatic ring
-
Linkage
Pregunta 21
Pregunta
What different type of link may be present in the part of the LA labelled with a blue question mark?
Respuesta
-
Ester
-
Amide
-
Carbonyl
-
Ketone
Pregunta 22
Pregunta
Why do most modern local anaesthetics have an amide linkage rather than an ester linkage?
Respuesta
-
Broken down more slowly - longer time of action
-
Broken down more quickly - shorter time of action
-
More prone to causing allergies
-
Less prone to causing allergies
Pregunta 23
Pregunta
The function of the aromatic ring in the local anaesthetic is to provide lipid soluble properties.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 24
Pregunta
Local anaesthetics are...
Respuesta
-
Weak bases
-
Weak acids
-
Strong bases
-
Strong acids
Pregunta 25
Pregunta
Following on from the previous question, would a local anaesthetic be ionised in...
Respuesta
-
Acidic conditions
-
Alkaline conditions
Pregunta 26
Pregunta
The ionised form of the local anaesthetic can cross the plasma membrane to exhibit its action.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 27
Pregunta
The ionised version of the local anaesthetic blocks the voltage-gated Na+ channels to prevent action potentials being generated.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 28
Pregunta
Why is local anaesthetic less effective when a bacterial infection is present?
Respuesta
-
Local anaesthetics are weak bases. Bacteria that are present at the infection site will be metabolising substances which creates an acidic environment. An acidic environment will cause ionisation of the local anaesthetic. The ionised form of the local anaesthetic cannot cross the plasma membrane. Less local anaesthetic crossing the PM means there is less blocking of VG Na+ channels and therefore the local anaesthetic is less effective.
-
Local anaesthetics are weak acids. Bacteria that are present at the infection site will be metabolising substances which creates an alkaline environment. An alkaline environment will cause ionisation of the local anaesthetic. The ionised form of the local anaesthetic cannot cross the plasma membrane. Less local anaesthetic crossing the PM means there is less blocking of VG Na+ channels and therefore the local anaesthetic is less effective.
Pregunta 29
Pregunta
Lower diameter, less myelinated axons are more sensitive to local anaesthetic.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 30
Pregunta
What is topical application of local anaesthetics?
Respuesta
-
Surface application
-
Blocking a branch of nerve fibres
-
Block somewhere along the length of the nerve before it branches
Pregunta 31
Pregunta
What is meant by infiltration in the context of application of local anaesthetics?
Respuesta
-
Surface application
-
Blocking a branch of nerve fibres
-
Block somewhere along the length of the nerve before it branches
Pregunta 32
Pregunta
What is meant by nerve block in the context of application of local anaesthetics?
Respuesta
-
Surface application
-
Blocking a branch of nerve fibres
-
Block somewhere along the length of the nerve before it branches
Pregunta 33
Pregunta
What side effects could result from local anaesthetic in high doses?
Respuesta
-
Decrease cardiac muscle contractility.
-
Increase cardiac muscle contractility.
-
Vasodilatation
-
Vasoconstriction
Pregunta 34
Pregunta
What adjunct might be used with local anaesthetic?
Respuesta
-
Adrenaline
-
Bupivicaine
-
Omeprasole
-
Acetylcholine
Pregunta 35
Pregunta
Transmitter binding to post-synaptic receptors causes a conformational change.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 36
Pregunta
Many neurotransmitters can bind to one receptor subtype.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 37
Pregunta
Metabotropic receptors are an ion channel pore which opens upon neurotransmitter binding.
Respuesta
- True
- False
Pregunta 38
Pregunta
Temporal summation increases the number of synapses firing at the same time to help threshold to be exceeded.
Respuesta
- True
- False
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