Test
1.4 Geological Structures
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Preguntas del test (27)
1What is stress?
- AThe force applied to rocks by Earth movements or the weight of overlying rocks.
- BThe deformation caused by applied forces.
- CForces which act along a plane in the rock and promote sliding along the plane which may result in faults or folds.
2[blank_start]Shear[blank_end] Forces = Forces which act along a [blank_start]plane[blank_end] in the rock and promote [blank_start]sliding[blank_end] along the plane which may result in faults or folds.
- AShear
- BLateral
- CTensional
- Dplane
- Ebed
- Fconformity
- Gsliding
- Hslipping
3[blank_start]Strain[blank_end] = Deformation caused by applied forces that results in a change of [blank_start]shape[blank_end] of the rock.
- AStrain
- Bshape
4The [blank_start]higher[blank_end] the temperature the more plastic a rock will be.
At high temperatures they will fold rather than fault even if the rock is competent.
Cold rocks behave as brittle materials and therefore fracture.
The [blank_start]strength[blank_end] of rocks increases with confining pressure caused by weight of overlying rocks.
Therefore rocks at [blank_start]depth[blank_end] are more difficult to deform.
Time determines the type of deformation that occurs.
Pressure applied for a [blank_start]short[blank_end] period of time causes rocks to behave in a brittle manner.
Pressure applied for a [blank_start]long[blank_end] period of time can result in plastic deformation.- Ahigher
- Blower
- Cstrength
- Dstrain
- Estress
- Fdepth
- Gthe surface
- Hshort
- Ilong
- Jlong
- Kshort
5Increased [blank_start]confining pressure[blank_end] raises the strength of the rock.
Increased [blank_start]temperature[blank_end] decreases the strength of the rock.- Aconfining pressure
- Btemperature
6Label the graph.
- ARupture
- BElastic deformation
- CCompetent rock
- DIncompetent rock
- EPlastic deformation
7Label the graph.
- ARupture
- BElastic limit
- CPlastic deformation
- DElastic deformation
- EIncompetent rock
8Label the graph to show the effect of temperature on rocks.
- ALow temp
- BMedium temp
- CHigh temp
9Label the graph to show the effects of confining pressure on rocks.
- AHigh pressure
- BMedium pressure
- CLow pressure
10[blank_start]Tension[blank_end] = the force pulling rocks apart. Results in fracturing of rocks and [blank_start]crustal extension[blank_end].
[blank_start]Compression[blank_end] = the force pushing rocks together. Results in fracturing, faulting or folding and [blank_start]shortening of Earth's crust[blank_end].
[blank_start]Shear Forces[blank_end] = Forces that act along a plane in a rock and usually result in horizontal deformation along the plane. May also result in [blank_start]faults or folds[blank_end].- ATension
- BCompression
- CShear Forces
- Dcrustal extension
- Eshortening of Earth's crust
- Ffaults or folds
11Bilaterally [blank_start]symmetrical[blank_end] fossils can be used to measure [blank_start]strain[blank_end] by using undeformed fossils to establish the original shape which allows the amount of [blank_start]deformation[blank_end] to be analysed.
[blank_start]Ooliths[blank_end] can also be used as they are originally spherical but become [blank_start]ellipsoidal[blank_end] after deformation.
- AOoliths
- Bsymmetrical
- Cstrain
- Ddeformation
- Eelliptical
12All unconformities represent a break in time when no [blank_start]sediment[blank_end] was deposited as a result of a change in the [blank_start]environment[blank_end] or due to earth movements and erosion.
An [blank_start]angular[blank_end] unconformity occurs when rocks above the unconformity have a different [blank_start]dip[blank_end] and possibly strike to the rocks beneath the plane of the unconformity.
- Asediment
- Brock
- Cenvironment
- Datmosphere
- Eangular
- Fdip
- Gincline
13Formation of an angular unconformity:
Rock deposited in h[blank_start]orizontal[blank_end] layers is folded and [blank_start]tilted[blank_end].
The rock is then [blank_start]eroded[blank_end].
Deposition of younger [blank_start]overlying beds[blank_end] of rock then occurs on the underlying series.
The eroded surface is the [blank_start]plane of unconformity[blank_end].- Aorizontal
- Btilted
- Ceroded
- Doverlying beds
- Eplane of unconformity
14Fragments from the [blank_start]underlying[blank_end] beds of the unconformity may form a conglomerate.
This is the first bed of the [blank_start]younger[blank_end] rocks.
It is called a [blank_start]basal[blank_end] conglomerate.- Ayounger
- Bolder
- Cunderlying
- Doverlying
- Ebasal
- Flateral
- Gwadi
15What is a joint?
- AA fracture in a rock along which no observable movement has occurred.
- BA fracture in a rock along which there has been an observable amount of displacement.
- CThe amount of vertical displacement.
16Tectonic joints are produced by [blank_start]tension[blank_end] created in rocks when they are folded by Earth movements.
Compressive forces fold the rocks but cause some of the rocks around a fold to be under tension.
The rocks fracture because the outer surface of the bed is [blank_start]stretched[blank_end] more than the inner surface.
The rock is [blank_start]competent[blank_end], does not change in thickness and [blank_start]brittle[blank_end] fractures form.- Atension
- Bcompression
- Cstretched
- Dsqueezed
- Ecompetent
- Fincompetent
- Gbrittle
- Hplastic
17[blank_start]Cooling joints[blank_end] - form as a result of contraction on cooling of igneous rocks.
[blank_start]Unloading joints[blank_end] - form as a result of lower pressure nearer to the surface.
[blank_start]Tectonic joints[blank_end] - form as a result of folding.- ATectonic joints
- BUnloading joints
- CCooling joints
18What types of joints do tectonic joints cause?
- ATension joints parallel to the axial plane.
- BCross joints on the limbs.
- CColumnar joints below surface.
- DUnloading joints above the fold.
19Examples of competent rocks.
- ASandstone
- BLimestone
- CMudstone
- DShale
- EBasalt
20Examples of incompetent rocks.
- AMudstone
- BShale
- CSandstone
- DLimestone
- EClay
21Cooling Joints are caused by [blank_start]tensional[blank_end] forces in an igneous rock as it [blank_start]cools[blank_end] steadily and contracts.
Joints will form [blank_start]perpendicular[blank_end] to the cooling surfaces of thick basalt lava flows, sills and dykes.
The igneous rocks has evenly spaced cooling centres resulting in [blank_start]column[blank_end] shaped structures polygonal in plan.
- Atensional
- Bcompressional
- Ccools
- Dheats
- Eperpendicular
- Fparallel
- Gcolumn
- Hcylindrical
22Unloading joints often form in [blank_start]granite[blank_end], an igneous rock.
When the rock is [blank_start]exposed[blank_end] at the surface as a result of [blank_start]uplift[blank_end] and [blank_start]erosion[blank_end] the lack of load pressure from overlying rocks allows it to [blank_start]expand[blank_end].
Joints usually form [blank_start]parallel[blank_end] to the Earth's surface.
- Aparallel
- Bgranite
- Cexposed
- Duplift
- Eerosion
- Fexpand
23Competent rocks = Rocks which are strong, [blank_start]brittle[blank_end] and more [blank_start]prone[blank_end] to fracture. The tend to form [blank_start]joints[blank_end] and do not change [blank_start]thickness[blank_end] when folded.
They undergo little or no plastic [blank_start]deformation[blank_end] before rupture.- Abrittle
- Bprone
- Cjoints
- Dthickness
- Edeformation
24Incompetent = rock that is [blank_start]weaker[blank_end] and more ductile. It changes in [blank_start]thickness[blank_end] when deformed and tends to flow or [blank_start]fold[blank_end] rather than fracture. Also tend to show [blank_start]cleavage[blank_end] when folded.
- Aweaker
- Bthickness
- Cfold
- Dcleavage
25What features are associated with fault planes?
- ASlickensides
- BFault breccia
- CFaults
- DThrow
26Slickensides = [blank_start]Scratches[blank_end] caused by movement along the [blank_start]fault[blank_end] plane. Striations are [blank_start]parallel[blank_end] to the direction of [blank_start]movement[blank_end].
- AScratches
- Bparallel
- Cfault
- Dmovement
27Fault breccia = brittle deformation close to the surface causes rocks to [blank_start]fracture[blank_end]d as fault moves. [blank_start]Angular[blank_end] fragments are formed in a fine matrix as rock is crushed.
- Afracture
- BAngular
Información
- Descripción
- pgs. 46-61 in textbook
- Autor
- Izzy Backhouse
- Idioma
- English
- Visitas
- 22
- Etiquetas
- Valoración
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