Fichas
Block 2 - Rising Powers
Fichas del conjunto (46)
- 1Brain gainthe knowledge and skills contribution of migrants outside of their country as potential resources for the socio-economic development of their home country
- 2Tertiary SectorThe services sector, and includes all businesses involved in retail and wholesale sales, tourism, financial services (such as banking and insurance), health care and transportation
- 3Rural-urban migrationAs the industrial sector grows, generating more employment opportunities, people move from rural to urban areas. As industrialization becomes more grounded, a larger share of a
- 4East Asian TigersStates in East and South Eastern Asia which exhibited strong economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s, moving from moved from being an agriculture-based economy towards an industrial- and service-based economy.
- 5Developing countriesa large portion of the population lies in the lower- rather than the middle-income groups
- 6Elasticity of demandthe ratio of the percent change in demand to the percent change in income. If the change in demand is less than proportionate than the change in income, a good is said to have low-income?
- 7Drivers of changerelated to the importance of their size (size drivers), the second is related to their consumer behaviour or markets (market drivers). The impacts generated through these roles are felt by both the developed and developing world
- 8Rising powers frameworksix major channels through which states interact with and impact upon the global economy: trade, investment, aid, global governance, migration and the environment, allowing for both direct and indirect impacts on individual sectors within states, at a national level and within the global economy. Takes positive-sum and zero-sum effects, and divides them across the six major channels
- 9Foreign Direct Investmentan investment made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises
operating outside of the economy of the investor - 10Brain circulationconnections and interactions are on-going and dynamic, eg. those highly educated software and other high-tech engineers who were educated in the USA are now the motivating forces for setting up firms in their ‘home’ countries.
- 11Global citiesact as hubs for the networks that sustain the global economy. They can be thought of as transmission points, coordinating the flow of local, regional and national resources, goods, money, people and information, around the globe and back again.
- 12Brain drainthe outward flow of skilled people from the developing world arising from the negative consequences on growth and income levels back home
- 13Secondary Sectoreconomic activity in the industrial and infrastructure sector.
- 14DiasporaA migrant community originating from a single place but spread around the world, yet still connected to that original place in terms of their identity if not their physical connections
- 15Networks of exchangesEconomic links enabled by international mobility, with diasporic individuals returning to their ‘homeland’ or doing business there
- 16Transnational corporationincorporated or unincorporated enterprises comprising parent enterprises and their foreign affiliates (subsidiaries, associates and branches). a flagship company that holds decision-making powers
over entities such as subsidiaries and joint ventures operating in other countries than its home country. - 17FordismMass production labour involving assembly-line production, managerial hierarchy and a technical division of labour, based on standardisation
- 18Post-Fordismpatterns of ‘flexible production’, greater responsiveness towards labour and working conditions amongst producers and new capabilities allowing for ‘just in time’ production. The ‘just in time’ system is based on production according to actual demand
- 19global production networkswhere the production process for a single product occurred in a number of different firms based in developing and advanced countries
- 20De-couplingseparation of product design and development (performed by TNCs) from physical production (organized by contract manufacturing firms). Ernst
- 21SweatshopsProfits are said to be ‘sweated’ out of labourers who work longer and faster under poor working conditions for low wages with no respect to local labour laws mandating overtime pay or a minimum wage
- 22race to the bottomTNCs are accused of relocating their manufacturing plants, outsourcing centres and even R&D set-ups as a way of reaping maximum returns.
- 23Global knowledge diffusionOnce a local firm assimilates basic level capabilities, TNCs can transfer more sophisticated knowledge including product and process development, that is, moving local companies higher up the value chain. Gradually this enables local suppliers to acquire new capabilities.
- 24Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs)programmes which arose out of the problems of debt and the logic of liberalization, enforced virulently once the ideological counterweight of the Soviet ‘threat’ had ended - known as the ‘Washington Consensus’
- 25Hegemonythe complex power of a dominant actor(s) over others, including political, economic and cultural dimensions. A structure of values and understandings about the nature of order that permeates a whole system of states and non-state entities, which appears as the natural order. (Gramsci/Cox)
- 26Rising powera country growing rapidly and moving up the rank of world economies, a centre of production/consumption, rapidly industrialising, with a strong sense of national purpose.
- 27Diplomacythe ordered negotiations intended to smooth the functioning of inter-state relations
- 28International lawseeks to enshrine the principles of sovereignty into a variety of international interaction; Law that governs the conduct of independent nations in their relationships with one another.
- 29Society of statesa group of states, conscious of certain common interests and common values, are bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions.
- 30Imperialismthe creation and maintenance of an unequal economic, cultural and territorial relationship, usually between states and often in the form of an empire, based on domination and subordination’
- 31Structural powerthe power to shape and determine the structures of the global political economy within which other states, their political institutions, their enterprises and (not least) their scientists and other professional people have to operate’ (Strange)
- 32Pyramid of powerHow structural power is perceived, disaggregated into: control over production; control over finance and credit; control over knowledge and ideas; control over people’s security
- 33Zero-sumwhere the gains for one actor are matched by the losses of another actor
- 34Positive-sumwhere the sum of the benefits minus the overall losses is positive. This does not mean that both actors have to gain, so long as the sum is positive at the end. There can be occasions where one gains and another loses or where one gains but another gains much more
- 35Newly Industrializing CountriesStates beginning to industrialise, with an export-oriented
policy backed up by a strong and centralized state - 36Soft powerinfluencing others without resorting to military threats, using trade, diplomacy and infrastructure deals. The ability to secure goals through co-option and attraction rather than force or coercion (Nye)
- 37Realismthe international system is composed of nation states, and these states exist in a relationship of anarchy. self-interested states strive to increase their power and security
- 38Structural realismThe structure of the international system ultimately determines the behaviour of states in that system. All states, regardless of their domestic character, are similar, and all are ultimately concerned with self-preservation (Waltz).
- 39Liberalismthe defining feature of international order is not anarchy but interdependence, depending on how states interact with each other, and this in turn is strongly influenced by the domestic character of such states - interdependence can promote shared, mutual interests, and the international order can and does change.
- 40MarxismThe international order is above all a capitalist order. Ultimately the state represents the interests of the capitalist class
- 41Defensive realist approachImplies that China’s rise might be exaggerated, or at least it is not so significant that it can present a real threat to US hegemony in the foreseeable future
- 42Beijing ConsensusChina’s path for other states trying to figure out not simply how to develop their countries, but also how to fit into the international order in a way that allows them to be truly independent, to protect their way of life and political choices in a world with a single massively powerful centre of gravity (Ramo). China is developing bilateral and
regional ties with the different parts of the developing world, facilitated by closer trade and investment ties - 43LeninismInternational expansion of capital is a process full of conflict, as each power seeks to maximize its share in an increasingly competitive and restricted world market through imperialism. Tensions within the international order made cooperation in the long run unfeasible.
- 44Gross Domestic Producta sum of value of the production that takes place within the boundaries of a state
- 45Gross National Productthe sum of value of production of all citizens of a country, not necessarily within country boundaries
- 46Primary Sectorrefers to income generated from growing or extracting raw materials from the earth and includes agriculture, forestry, farming, fishing and mining
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- Descripción
- TD223 Fichas sobre Block 2 - Rising Powers, creado por Iain Graham el 21/05/2013.
- Creado por
- Iain Graham
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