Flashcards
Block 3 - Poverty & livelihoods
Cards in this deck (43)
- 1foreign aidincludes all transfers, that is, money, goods and skills, military
and civilian aid, and both grants and loans - 2Official Development Assistance (ODA)coming from states and other official agencies that is used with the objective of promoting the welfare of developing countries, and which is concessional
- 3bilateral aidGoes directly from one government to another
- 4multilateral aidchannelled through international institutions like the World Bank
- 5Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs)Focussed on both debt relief programmes (writing off
debt owed to donors, including the Washington institutions themselves) and concessional lending. In principle, formulated by recipient governments in consultation with a range of domestic social interest groups and ‘stakeholders’ and with external donors. - 6'External’ position in debate over aidSees the cause and continuation of poverty in features of the world economy that disadvantaged the South; unfair trade or the economic policies imposed from outside
- 7unintentional developmentbroad processes of technological change help to increase growth and raise living standards
- 8‘internal’ position in debate over aidSees the cause and continuation of poverty as lying within poor countries, in poor governance, greedy elites and poorly run economies.
- 9Conditionalitypressure that donors are able to apply by threatening to withdraw aid, their power to achieve their desired outcomes, far-reaching economic and political reform
- 10fallback positionthe gains that a party can get without an agreement and the point where it would walk away from the deal.
- 11integrated rural development programmes (IRDPs)the promotion of rural enterprise and associated services to lift rural people out of poverty. This approach requires backward and
forward linkages (inputs to production and markets for output) and supporting institutions (for example, mechanisms to obtain credit). - 12Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)established in 1947 to run the US-financed Marshall Plan for
reconstruction of post-war Europe - 13Brandt Reportreport which presented an argument that the North was
wealthy because of unequal terms of trade with the South, and aimed to promote redistribution from North to South - 14Human Development Report (HDR)Annual report since 1990 which aims to address the multiple dimensions of poverty but with an even broader perspective
- 15residual view of povertyconsiders poverty to be a residue of a process of historical
change and development that has not reached a certain sector of the
population. - 16multiple deprivationsa more complex and nuanced way of understanding poverty and of measuring it, involving endowment of assets and entitlement bundles (Amartya Sen)
- 17relational view of povertythe causes of poverty are framed and interpreted sees poverty as an outcome of social relations
- 18Poverty as low incomecharacteristic used to conceptualize poverty, is measured by counting those below an agreed international poverty line.
- 19purchasing power parityThe exchange rate that equates the price of a basket of identical traded goods and services in two countries.
- 20endowment of assetsland, tools or machines, labour power, skills or knowledge, etc
- 21entitlement bundleWhatever a person has to exchange for money or goods
- 22Relative povertypoverty is not the same experience with the same dimensions in every context (Sen)
- 23Decileone-tenth of a population.
- 24MorbidityThe probability or likelihood of suffering an illness or disease.
- 25QuintileOne-fifth of a population.
- 26Agencythe ability of a person to achieve their aims and goals, and perhaps to influence their community and society.
- 27Lorenz CurveGraph which shows cumulative share of income
- 28Gini co-efficientthe most commonly used measure of inequality. It is
always between 0 and 1, and the closer to 1 the greater the inequality. Defined as being the area between the equality line and
the Lorenz curve divided by the area under the equality line. - 29John Rawlsproclaimed the concept of ‘Justice as Fairness’, which
included individual liberty and accepted some inequality, but also put great stress on creating institutions which would act ‘to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged members of society’ - 30MortalityThe probability or likelihood of dying.
- 31Robert Nozickargued that absolute priority should be given to inviolable individual rights, and especially to property rights. Described individual human beings as ‘self-owners’ who are entitled to their bodies, abilities and labour, and the fruits of the use of their talents, abilities and labour. Those who were more skilled or harder working would earn more, and this would inevitably create justified inequalities
- 32Culturespecifics that mark out a group of people from others in
terms of traditions, customs, values, world views, religious practices,
perceptions, belief systems, symbols, languages and codes of morality. Can be used to mean some or all of these dimensions
of human life - 33VulnerabilityFor example, making a living and ensuring the livelihood of families and households can easily come under threat from ordinary events, such as frequent ill-health episodes, crop diseases, expensive marriages and funeral ceremonies, lack of affordable credit
- 34PowerOf different kinds: a form of control over others; to enact or to do something; a collective form
- 35SLAa framework a means to understand better the ways that poor people make a living identifying five types of capital
- 36Natural capitalnatural resources, such as land, water, biodiversity
- 37Financial capitalsavings, credit, remittances and social funds, such as state aid or pensions.
- 38Agencyaction to try and bring about change – can be tactical, strategic,
individual or collective - 39Physical capitalphysical infrastructure such as roads, transport and other
communications, energy, etc. - 40Global value chainThe processes and actors involved in production, from its initial stages, to reaching the market and beyond
- 41Social capitalthe social networks and access to local groups and associations that people have; also the relations of trust that have been built up.
- 42Human capitalthe knowledge, skills and abilities that people bring to bear on making a living
- 43Enabling environmentthe networks, rules and standards within which the production chain operates
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- TD223 Flashcards on Block 3 - Poverty & livelihoods, created by Iain Graham on 22/05/2013.
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- Iain Graham
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