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Contagious and Environmental pathogens
Fichas del conjunto (61)
- 1What are the 2 categories of mastitis?1. Contagious
2. Environmental - 2What are features of contagious mastitis?- Infection lives in the udder and on teats
- Spread at milking
- Causes subclinical mastitis
- Raised cell count - 3How do you get subclinical mastitis?Infection from cow to cow at milking
- Also through hands, liners and common cloths - 4What are features of environmental mastitis?- Infection lives in environment
- Spread at a variety of times
- Causes clinical mastitis - 5Give 2 stages at which mastitis infections enter the udder at different stages of lactation.1. Lactating period infections (LPI)
2. Dry period infections (DPI) - 6What are LPIs?Infections enter the udder when the cows is lactating
- 7What are DPIs?Infections enter the udder when the cow is dry or non lactating
- 8What is clinical mastitis?- Abnormal milk in THE UDDER
- Quarter swelling
- Checking milking sock/filter
- NMR/CIS records
- Many farmers over treat but some miss cases (eyesight, poor light, lazy) - 9What is essential when stripping?- Need to strip 8-10 times
- Clots in the first 2 or 3 strips may just be local infection from the teat canal
- Can run clear after the first few - 10How do you monitor and prevent clinical mastitis?– Fore-stripping, conductivity or enzymatic measures
– Prevention covered under pathogen epidemiology
Monitoring ~ computers are best
– Need good record-keeping to accurately monitor (e.g. InterHerd, TotalVet, paper-based system)
– Permanent treatment records required by law - 11What are the UK estimate ranges for the cases of clinical mastitis?40-70 cases/100 cows/yr
- 12Is there any association between the SCC and clinical mastitis?No
- 13What causes High SCC?Bad milking routine and contagious bacteria
- 14What causes clinical mastitis?Filthy environment
- 15What parameters can be used to judge clinical mastitis and what can it tell us?• Mastitis rate (cases/100 cows/year)
• Cases in 1st 30 days (dry period)
• Percent of herd affected (environment)
• Recurrence rate (SA, Sub, treatment)
• Seasonality (environment?) - 16What is recurrence?Same cow having an infection in the same quarter several times
- 17What is the target for clinical mastitis in 1st 30 days of lactation?• Computer analysis
• Target <8% or 1 in 12 cows calved
• If above ~ DPI problem
• OR ask the farmer about prevalence (problems straight after calving) - 18What is percent herd affected?• Environmental infections are random
hits
• Exposure to faeces
• Target < 20% cows
• If > 20% suggests problems with environmental infections - 19What are the targets for recurrence rate?• Is there a problem with repeat cases?
• Target is < 10% repeats
• Ask the farmer or milker, they can tell you
• Str uberis, Staph aureus or treatment problem - 20What can be classed as treatment problem?- Not picking up early enough
- Not using enough tubes - milk into bulk tank - 21What does it suggest when there are low prevalences of mastitis in summer and the cases increase November through to April?Due to housing
- 22What are the economic considerations with clinical mastitis?– Lost milk production
Acutely and chronically
– Milk withhold
– Culling
– Labour
– Tx and vet costs
– Reduced genetic - 23What is a hidden cost with mastitis?The loss of production - mastitis causes there to be a 5% loss in production through the whole of lactation due to udder tissue damage
- 24What are the four bacteria that cause most mastitis?- E coli and the coliforms (Klebsiella)
- Strep uberis
- Staph aureus
- Strep agalactiae (high cell count only)
Several can be present on a farm - 25What are features of E.coli (coliform mastitis)?- Naturally found in cow manure
- Around 300 strains of E coli
- Most common cause of clinical mastitis
- Produces toxins which cause clinical signs
- Associated with toxic mastitis in early
lactation, some cows will die
- Most E coli infections cause mild clinical
mastitis
- 50% of E.coli mastitis cases are acquired in the dry period - 26How quickly does E.coli double?Every 20 mins - lots of toxins produced and bacteria die off and don't cause clinical signs
- 27What is the top 20% of the tip of the iceberg with E.coli infections?1. Toxic cases (50:50 as to die or survive)
2. Sick cow cases
3. Milk cases - 28What is 80% of the iceberg with E.coli mastitis?Eliminated by the cow without any clinical signs
- Only see clinical cases when the immune system fails - 29What are features of strep uberis?- Environmental and contagious
- Clinical and subclinical mastitis
- Associated with straw bedding, and outbreaks can occur at pasture
- Recurrent clinical mastitis can occur
- Can be difficult to treat
- Chronic problem cows are culled - 30What is the cycle with strep uberis?Clinical cases can become sub-clinical and vice versa
- Also can cause the other infection - 31What are other environmental bacteria?1. Klebsiella ~ wood bedding like sawdust
2. Pseudomonas ~ contaminated water supply
3. Nocardia ~ soil
4. Algae ~ Prototheca
5. Yeast ~ gross contamination, not cleaning teats before infusion - 32What is Trueperella pyogenes? Relatively rare
Severe clinical mastitis
Thick purulent foul discharge
Dry cows or heifers – History of teat end damage
Summer mastitis – Spread by biting flies
Treatment ineffective – Usually results in culling - 33Which of the main mastitis bacteria cause contagious mastitis?Strep Uberis
Staph aureus
Strep agalactiae - 34Which of the main mastitis bacteria cause environmental mastitis?E.coli and coliforms
Strep uberis - 35Which of the main mastitis bacteria cause subclinical mastitis?Strep Uberis
Staph aureus
Strep agalactiae - 36Which of the main mastitis bacteria cause clinical mastitis?E.coli and coliforms
Strep uberis
Staph aureus - 37Which of the main mastitis bacteria cause LPI mastitis?E.coli and coliforms
Strep uberis
Staph aureus
Strep agalactiae - 38Which of the main mastitis bacteria cause DPI mastitis?E.coli and coliforms
Strep uberis - 39When do environmental bacteria enter the udder? During milking ~ poor teat prep
Immediately after milking ~ lie down dirty bed
Dry period infections - 40What are the top tips for reducing environmental mastitis?- Excellent teat prep - predip
- Gloves - 41Why can it be a good idea to use a foam as a predip?- Easy to see
- As bubbles burst - helps to kill bacteria - 42What is the best way to teat preparation?- We need clean dry teats
- Ensure that cows are kept in clean
environment
- Dry wipe with paper if clean
- Wash and dry if dirty
- Best practice is to predip if environmental mastitis is a problem - 43What can you look at to see if the teats are being properly prepared?The milk filter - if it contains faecal matter then they aren't good at teat prep
- 44What can you do with cows that have hairy udders?Singe off the hair to reduce any contamination that the hairy may contain - will reduce the risk of mastitis
- Need a YELLOW flame - 45What should farmers do with long bushy tails?- Become a barber and cut it off
- Will help to reduce the contamination to the udder - 46How can you reduce new IMI (during lactation) in environment? Assess directly
– Subjective or objective measurements
Assess indirectly
– Cow cleanliness - 47How can you encourage the cows to stand for 30 minutes after milking to help reduce the risk of infection?Provide lush feed - will go and feed
- Also need to provide lying areas for the cows that are lame - 48What should be used with dry cow therapy in all cows?Use internal teat sealant
- 49What is the issue with the dry period?Bacteria lie dormant until next lactation and get provided with iron
- Also bacteria aren't flushed out as udder isn't being milked - hence increase in infections - 50Why are there infections in the dry period?Up to 50% of the teats of all cows are open for bacteria to enter whilst dry and hence causes mastitis in the next lactation
- 51What is the internal teat seal?- Paste infused into the teat at dry off
- Can be given to any cow, with any type of dry cow antibiotic or on it’s own
- No milk or meat withdrawal period
- No adverse effect on calf health
- Creates a flexible artificial barrier in the
teat canal
- Has no effect on cell count as does not
contain antibiotic
- Proven to reduce clinical mastitis - 52What is the reduction of clinical mastitis seen when using the internal test seal?25-30%
- 53What are properties of DCT?- Aim to cure
- Reduce subclinical mastitis
- Contains antibiotic
- Has a milk withdrawal
- Not always needed - 54What are properties of the internal teat seal?- Aim to prevent
- Reduces clinical mastitis
- No antibiotics
- No milk withdrawal
- Definitely needed (50% of teats are open) - 55What can happen to teats when they are damaged?Hyperkeratosis
- Need to try and avoid - 56How can you try and prevent hyperkeratosis?Reduce liner slip
- 57What is essential to reduce environmental bacteria?Clean calving pens and dry yards
- If dig down and heat and liquid then likely to have strep uberis - 58What do clean bed and passages reduce?Lameness
- 59What is the ideal number of cubicles?105% - due to hierarchy in the herd and bullying
- 60How should bedding be kept?Dry - and prevented from contamination
- 61What is key to reduce mastitis?Prevention
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- (Mastitis - Peter Edmondson) Milk Hygiene - CVS1 Fichas sobre Contagious and Environmental pathogens, creado por Rachael Jones el 22/02/2018.
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- Rachael Jones
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