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structure of knowledge !
Fichas del conjunto (11)
- 1What is knowledge ?- knowledge is constructed of a web of beliefs & info supported by other beliefs & info
- removing or eliminating certain beliefs can impact knowledge as a whole
- all knowledge requires a group of concepts that are foundational to that knowledge - 2What are the 2 categories of knowledge1) A priori ('from what comes before") refers to knowledge that does not require experience, our own reasoning (ex. Bachelors are single)
2) A Posteriori ("from what comes after") refers to knowledge that is established by experience (ex. it is cold outside) - 3What are 2 categories of claims / statements ?1) Analytic Propositions: true or false based on the meaning of the statement (ex. Cardiologists are doctors by definition)
2) Synthetic Statements: are true or false based on
a) the meaning of the words
b) info bout the external world (ex. its raining outside)
c) can change (its not always raining) - 4What statements with which type of knowledgies is possible to make- A priori analytic statement (no experience needed, u just know whether true or false)
- A posteriori, synthetic statement (with experience, information bout the external n u knowing if true or false) - 5What statements with which type of knowledges are of great debate and impossible?- Impossible: posteriori, analytic statement (using experience to know whether true or false statements bout the world)
- Great debate: priori , synthetic statement
(can you say things about the external world with only your rationality / knowledge?) - 6The great debate brings up the question "Can we know true things about the external world using reason but no experience" n has been answered as ...- Rationalists (Rene Descartes) answer YES to the question (as MATH is rational not empirical bc of rational concepts AND SCIENCE uses experiments, with analysis being rationality)
- Empiricists (ex. David Hume) answer NO & say that all external knowledge requires experience
- rationality = certainty, not evidence = certainty
- debate is what came first (chicken or egg) - 7What is the structure of Argumentssequence of 1 or more premises leading to a rationally supported conclusion: the conclusions of arguments can also be used as premises in other arguments
(arguments can mutually connect & support each other) - 8What are the 2 types of Reasoning1) Deductive Reasoning
2) Inductive Reasoning - 9What is Deductive Reasoning ?- moves from general premises to specific conclusion, there can only be ONE logically required conclusion
- the conclusion has to be a certain answer for the reasoning to be logical
- Ex. Math, has a certain answer
- ex Syllogism: a) tom b) all humans have brains, thus conclusion: tom has a brain
- if the premises logically lead to the conclusion then the argument is considered VAILD (valid doesn't necessarily meaning it is correct, just means that it makes sense ; it flows)
- If the argument is VALID AND the premises are TRUE then the argument is SOUND - 10What is Inductive Reasoning?- moves from specific premises to general conclusions
- there are MULTIPLE types of inductive reasoning and there are multiple possible (logical) conclusions
- Ex. History, Science it uses observations not certain !
- Ex. Enumerative induction: a) I cut into peach #1 & it has a pit b) Peach #2 = same result as #1 c) Peach #1000 = same result
- thus all peaches have pits (other possible conclusion: all peaches in CA have pits, all peaches Dollimore cuts have pits, etc)
- Conclusions are not logically required (nor absolute or certain, as science does not give absolute certainty)
- Inference to the best explanation (using available info to determine the most likely conclusion) - 11—
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- Fichas sobre structure of knowledge !, creado por sarru s el 06/03/2018.
- Creado por
- sarru s · mar 2018
- Actualizado
- 6 mar 2018
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