Fichas
Calf problems 2
Fichas del conjunto (57)
- 1Give 2 bacteria that cause septicaemia in calves.- Escherichia coli
- Salmonella spp - 2What is the issue with calves and bacteria?Bacteria that are usually considered commensals can cause disease due to the immune system being naive - bacteria are opportunistic
- 3What happens in terms of histology in bovine salmonellosis synovitis?The body is invaded by salmonella seen in macrophages, it also hides away from the immune system in joints. From here the bacteria is able to get into the blood
- 4What can happen to the vascular structures due to salmonellosis?Fibrinoid vasculitis - fibrinoid necrosis of arteriolar wall
- 5What can vascular thrombosis cause in relation to salmonellosis?Infarctions - tend to be in smaller vasculature such as the ear and feet (causing necrosis)
- 6What can be seen in the liver when there is septicaemia caused by salmonellosis?Serous hepatitis
Leucocytosis - 7Where else can leucocytosis be seen with septicaemia?Throughout the calf, eg in the lung
- 8What are the clinical signs of neonatal septicaemia?Sudden onset dullness; pyrexia; inappetence. Drooling of sticky mucoid saliva. Prostration. Occasionally diarrhoea.
- 9How can you diagnose neonatal septicaemia?Post mortem diagnosis; isolation of pure cultures of E.coli from spleen and heart blood
- 10What is the usual outcome with neonatal septicaemia?Death within 12 hours of onset in 90% of affected cases. Survivors may develop meningitis or 'joint-ill'.
- 11What is the pathology with neonatal septicaemia?Splenomegaly; enlarged haemorrhagic, oedematous lymph nodes. Serosal petechiation, of heart and spleen especially. Culture from heart blood.
- 12What are the clinical signs with colisepticaemia?- "Sudden death" - or dull, stiff, reluctant to rise and feed
- Pyrexia (40.5 degrees C)
- Subnormal -> collapse
- Diarrhoea
- CNS signs
- Swollen joints
- Death <12 hours or -> septic
- Polyarthritis, multiple abscesses, meningitis
- Endotoxic shock -> DIC
- C.V collapse
- Hypogammaglobulinaemic - 13What is the treatment for colisepticaemia?- Usually ineffective
- Try: Iv fluids, NSAIDS, Antibiotics
- Focus on prevention - 14Give a list of NSAIDS that can be potentially used to treat colisepticaemia.Flunixin
Ketoprofen
Carprofen
Meloxicam
Tolfenamic acid - 15When using antibiotics to treat colisepticaemia, what should you use and why?- Florfenicol
- Amoxycillin / Clavulanic Acid
- Trimethoprim / Sulphonamide
- (Enrofloxacin)
- Assume that the bacteria is gram negative - 16What is the usual source of infection for neonatal septicaemia?Environment - contaminated calf house
- 17How do you control neonatal septicaemia?- Adequate concentration of absorbed colostral immunoglobulins, specifically IgM.
- Calving area hygiene
- Early assisted suckling
- Cleanliness
- Reduce obstetrical problems
- Dip navel
- Management of cow and calf - 18What is a sequel to bacteraemia in hypogammaglobuinaemia calves?Bacterial meningitis
- 19What are the clinical signs of bacteria meningitis in calves?Clinically depressed with CNS signs such as:
• Hypopyon - pus in anterior chamber
• Opisthotonus - arching back of head, neck and spine
• Blindness
• Paddling/convulsions
• Coma
Often have diarrhoea - 20What is essential if the farmer is wanting to keep calves alive who have bacterial meningitis?They have lots of careful nursing to prevent it becoming a welfare case
- 21What does hypopyon suggest with bacterial meningitis?The calf has lived for 12-24 hours
- Also needs aggressive treatment early on otherwise euthanasia - 22What is important for all drugs used to treat bacterial meningitis in calves?They have to cross the blood- CSF barrier
- 23What bacteria can cause bacteria polyarthritis?- Trueperella pyogenes
- Fusobacterium necrophorum
- Staphylococcus spp.
- Streptococcus spp.
- Escherichia coli
- Others inc. Salmonella - 24What is the treatment for bacterial polyarthritis?1. Antibiotics must be bactericidal:
- trimethoprim sulpha i/v. twice a day
- amoxycillin/clavulanic acid i/m
- gentamycin (expensive in UK)
- ceftiofur i/m twice a day
2. Anticonvulsants:
- xylazine
- diazepam 0.05 - 0.4mg/kg to effect, i/v. or i/m. Repeat as necessary
3. Drugs must cross blood-CSF barrier
4. Nursing: infra-red lamp, maintain in sternal recumbency or turn regularly to prevent hypostatic pneumonia; food and fluid - 25Where else can be effected by bacterial polyarthritis?Vertebral bodies - osteomyelitis
- 26What is another issue seen with bacteraemia?Endocarditis - valvular vegetative endocarditis
- 27What are the clinical signs of omphalophlebitis/ polyarthritis?- hot, painful, swollen joints
- lameness, recumbent
- dull, pyrexic, anorexic
- Swollen painful navel / purulent discharge - 28What are the diagnostic tests for joint/navel ill?- Synovial fluid culture + analysis
-> Protein < 30-40g/l
-> WBC >= 30x109/l
- Radiology - 29What is the important thing to consider before trying to treat a joint/navel ill calf?The welfare implications due to treatment being often ineffective
- 30Give the 3 different types of joint/navel ill.S-type = Synovial
E-type = Epiphyseal
P-type = Physeal - 31Give conditions with navel/joint ill that would require rapid treatment.- Synovitis & necrosis -> destructive enzymes
- Decreased Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans
- Cartilage destruction and osteomyolitis - 32What are the aims of treatment of joint/navel ill?- Remove destructive enzymes
- Eliminate infectious agents
- Decreased Inflammation and pain - 33What must the treatment have to be able to successfully treat joint/navel ill?- Broad spectrum antibiotics for at least 2 weeks
- Must have good tissue perfusion
- Acid intra-articular environment - 34What can be done if there is a single joint infected?- Joint drainage
- Arthrotomy / arthroscopy
- Joint rest
- NSAIDs - 35Give 3 ways of helping to prevent joint/navel ill.- Environment
- Navel dressing
- Colostrum - 36What is the aetiology of navel/joint ill?Bacteraemia/septicaemia arising from navel or chronic neonatal septicaemia
- 37Give several clinical scenarios where navel/joint ill can occur.• Abcessation of navel only
• Spread from navel into falciform ligament
• Spread along urachus
• Peritonitis
• Haematogenous spread to single or multiple joints - 38What is the falciform ligament?A remnant of the umbilical vein of the fetus and a derivative of the embryonic ventral mesentary.
Abscess may form in ligament or in liver. Abscess may be palpable through abdominal wall. - 39What is the urachus?Fibrous remnant of the allantois, the canal that drains the urinary bladder of the fetus that joins and runs within the umbilical cord. Spread along urachus for a variable distance. May reach bladder and form an abscess in the bladder wall (urination abnormal).
- 40What is peritonitis?Due to infection escaping from ligament or liver abscesses into peritoneal cavity
- 41Why can there be haematogenous spread to single or multiple joints?Most commonly carpus, hock and stifle, but also fetlock, interphalangeal and intervertebral joints. Joint is hot, enlarged, puffy, painful on pressure or flexion, calf is lame. May be only one joint or more than one. Calf often off colour, some continue to drink normally. In some cases the navel is normal.
- 42What do you need to differentiate navel ill from?Umbilical hernia
- 43What is the prognosis for navel/joint ill?Good in uncomplicated navel ill to poor in joint ill to hopeless in liver or peritoneal involvement
- 44How do you treat navel/joint ill?- Broad spectrum antibiotics until culture results
- Navel ill = surgical excision may be necessary
- Large abscesses can be lanced, flushed and allowed to granulate
- Joint lavage - 45How can you prevent navel/joint ill?- Adequate colostrum
- Treatment of navel at birth - Strong iodine solution (rapid dessication of umbilical vein)
- Separate navel suckers - 46What is tincture of iodine?2–7% elemental iodine, along with potassium iodide or sodium iodide, dissolved in a mixture of ethanol and water
- 47What is important when treating the navel?Cover it all - so DON'T use the spray
- 48What is essential with discharge from the navel?Work out what the discharge is:
- Urine = patent urachus
- Pus = navel ill - 49How can you differentiate an umbilical hernia from a navel ill abscess?Abscess = hot, painful, irreducible
- 50Give general features of an umbilical hernia.Many believed to be hereditary. Less than 5cm (three fingers) of little consequence. Larger ones may contain omentum and SI.
- 51What can a ruptured urethra lead to?Urolithiasis
Penile haematoma in older animals - 52Is navel sucking a normal behaviour?No - it is due to deprivation of oral stimulation
- 53Where is a common site for joint ill?Fetlock
- 54How should you deal with joint ill in any joint? (particularly hind)?Compare the two limbs for evidence of swelling, oedema, thickening. Look and feel.
- 55What can you do for valuable animals that have joint ill?Xray - work out what is infected and how it can be properly treated
- If bone damage then likely to have affected the cartilage as well = can't treat - 56What can worsen the prognosis of joint ill?Severe septic arthritis and tendonitis
- tendon sheath becomes abscess itself - 57What can happen with salmonellosis in the limbs?Peripheral gangrene - inflammation, swelling following Salmonella dublin infection in calves
- Blood vessels occluded
Información
- Descripción
- (Calf medicine - David Barrett) Reproduction - CVS1 Fichas sobre Calf problems 2, creado por Rachael Jones el 07/04/2018.
- Creado por
- Rachael Jones · abr 2018
- Actualizado
- 9 abr 2018
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- 1
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