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population structure
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- 1population structure is a term used to describe what ?the age distribution and sex composition of a population
- 2population structure is usually depicted by the construction of a what ?population pyramid
- 3a population pyramid is a snapshot at any given time but population structure is what?constantly changing as each age groups moves up the pyramid over time
- 4pyramids provide insights into what ?past trends in population, such as, changes in fertility , mortality and international migration
- 5population pyramids can do what ?- show past changes in population
- be used to predict short-term and long-term future changes in population
- show the effects of war/disease/famine
- indicate life expectancy
- give idea of the stage of demographic transition
- show effects of migration on a population structure - 6for analytical purposes population structures and their representative pyramids are divided broadly into three categories according to their economic activity - what are these ?- ages 0-14 = young dependents
- ages 15-64 = economically active
- ages 65+ = elderly dependent - 7the economically active tend to be what ?the working population who earn an income and pay taxes
- 8the two dependent groups, young and elderly, are known as the non-economically active population, they are what ?dependent on the economically active to make sure they have a means of living - young dependents rely on their parents to support them while the elderly rely on pensions and/or family support depending on the development of social services where they live
- 9what is the dependency ratio ?it is a measure of the level of dependency
- 10what can the dependency be expressed as what ?young dependents (0-14) + elderly dependents (65+)
-------------------------------------- x 100
economically active - 11for example, in 2014 the UKs pop structure comprised of : - 11.041 million (YD - 17.3% of pop) - 37.904 (EA 65.2% of pop) - 11.172 million (ED - 17.5 % of pop) put it into an equation to find the dependency ratio11.041+ 11.172
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37.904
x 100 = 58.62 - 12this meant that for every 100 people of working age there were around 59 dependent on their earnings - the dependency ratio does not take into account who ?the unemployed
- 13the dependency ratio in the UK is currently falling - however the ratio of young to elderly has changed how ?there are now more elderly dependents compared to young dependents
- 14the shape of a pop pyramid evolves based on changes in what ?fertility and mortality
- 15YOUTHFUL POPULATIONS : what are the potential benefits of a youthful population ?- young people of today are the country's human resources of tomorrow
- can foster growth and development if there are favourable political and economic conditions
- provide a cheap workforce and a growing market for foreign investors - 16YOUTHFUL POPULATIONS : what are the problems of a youthful population ?- increasing demands for improving maternal and child healthcare and education
- providing food, water, energy and shelter for the growing populaiton
- govs need to keep up with the demand for schooling
- lack of attendance in schools leads to low levels of literacy and poorly educated work force - 17ELDERLY POPULATIONS: what are the potential benefits of an ageing population ?some pensioners are healthy and affluent = growth in leisure / tourism industry, growth in private health and residential care businesses + companies able to target growing markets
fewer people of working age so there should be less unemployment in pop
some elderly 'still work' = looking after gchildren, enabling parents to work + volunteering - 18ELDERLY POPULATIONS : what are the issues with an ageing pop ?- welfare and healthcare costs escalating as the elderly are more likely to need support
- pensions will cost increasingly more in the future ' the pensions time bomb' = workers may have to pay higher taxes
- smaller proportion of the population are 'economically active' - may affect economic growth and overall standard of living - 19the dependency ratio for most developed countries is between what ?50 and 70
- 20for LICs it is often more than what ?100
- 21the composition of dependency will be quite different - in richer countries a greater proportion of the dependency comprises the elderly population whereas in LICs the higher overall dependency is who?youthful opulation
- 22population structure will have an impact on resources but also what will have an impact on the balance between pop and resources ?the growth rate and actual size
- 23the top of a population pyramid indicates what ?how old people live
- 24comparing the two sides of the pyramid shows what ?the sex ratio
- 25narrow points on a population pyramid can indicate what ?that there was a time in the past when the birth rate was low or when people of a certain age had a high death rate i.e. because of war
- 26wide points can indicate periods when what was high ?birth rate
- 27the base of a pyramid shows what ?how many children and young people are in the population
- 28describe the stage 1 population pyramidbroad base due to high BR and concave sides due to high DR
- 29describe stage 2 population pyramidstill broad base due to high br, sides are less concave due to a fall in DR
- 30describe stage 3 population pyramidbase starts to narrow due to a fall in br, convex sides due to low dr and more elderly dependents
- 31describe stage 4 population pyramidbase is narrower as br falls, convex and more elderly dependents
- 32describe stage 5 population pyramidnarrow base due to low br, top heavy due to ageing population but DR rising in older ages
- 33a demographic dividend is the potential for rapid economic growth in a country as its dependency ratio falls - this normally occurs when ?around stages 2 - 3
- 34death rate starts to decrease before birth rate - people continue to have lots of children but more survive to adulthood - this creates whata generational bulge
- 35when these young people reach working age there is a large workforce with relatively few people dependent on it - there are relatively few ???children and elderly people
- 36this can lead to economic growth - for example, how ?- working people pay taxes and can afford to spend more boosting the local economy - TNCs may also be attracted by the large workforce - leading to more jobs and more investment
- 37countries can only take advantage of their demographic dividend providing their is investment in what ?education and employment
- 38what economies are a good examples of where this has occurred ?The Asian Tiger economies
- 39the dividend may be a wasted opportunity if there is poor educational attainment or a lack of what ?transparency and democracy in gov
- 40the boost in productivity will create extra demand in the economy and this may cause environmental degradation and do what ?put pressure on the use of natural resources
- 41the demographic dividend itself can only be sustained by managing fertility rates at replacement level - even then improved life expectancy will mean what ?in the longer term the bulge will move up the pyramid to form an ageing population structure
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- (population and the environment) Geography - human Fichas sobre population structure, creado por niamh bergin el 11/04/2018.
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- niamh bergin
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