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- 1Descriptive ResearchDesigned to describe the characteristics or behaviours of a given population in a systemic and accurate fashion
- 2Most common type of descriptive researchSurveys
- 3Cross-sectional survey designsample is a "cross section" of
- 4Successive independent samples survey designTwo or more samples of respondents answer the same questions at different points in time
- 5Longitudinal or Panel survey designa single sample is questioned more than once
- 6Internet surveysconvenient and inexpensive but hard to control sample
- 7Demographic Researchdescribes patterns of basic life events and experiences like births, marriages, divorces, deaths, etc. Interested in differences between groups.
- 8Epidemiological Researchstudies the occurrence of disease in different groups of people
- 9Criterion of a good descriptionaccuracy, conciseness and understanding
- 10Numerical Methodssummarizing data with numbers (means, percentages)
- 11Graphical Methodssummarizing data with graphs and pictures
- 12Frequency Distributiona table that summarizes raw data by showing the number of scores that fall within each of several categories
- 13Types of Frequency Distributionssimple, grouped, histograms and polygons
- 14Simple Frequency Distributionthe number of participants who obtained each score
- 15Grouped Frequency Distributionshows the frequency of a subset of scores (class intervals of equal sizes, must be mutually exclusive). Often shows relative frequency.
- 16Frequency HistogramsUsed when the variable on the x axis is a ratio or interval scale of measurement
- 17Bar graphsused when the variable is on a nominal or ordinal scale of measurement
- 18Frequency Polygonaxes are labelled as they are for the histogram, but lines are drawn to connect the frequency of the class intervals
- 19Measures of central tendencymean, median and mode
- 20Error barsbars above and below the means in a graph indicating the researcher's confidence in the value of the mean
- 21Confidence IntervalUsually, 95%, presents a range in which a mean is likely to fall
- 22If the variability is small, then...the mean is a good representation of the scores
- 23Knowing variability tells us...how typical the mean is of the scores as a set
- 24Variancetakes into account all the scores when calculating the variability
- 25Standard deviationSquare root of the variance
- 26How many scores fall within one SD of the mean68%
- 27Z-scoredescribes a particular participant's score relative to the rest of the data
- 28Correlational ResearchMeasures the relationship between two naturally occurring variables
- 29Correlational coefficientstatistic that indicates the degree to which two variables are related to one another in a linear fashion
- 30Most common correlational coefficientPearson correlational coefficient (r)
- 31Two variables with r= 0.00 could still have a relationship that isCurvilinear
- 32What scale are correlation coefficients on?Ratio, they cannot be added, subtracted, multiplied or divided
- 33Coefficient of Determinationsquare of r, indicates the variance in one variable that is accounted for by another variable
- 34Statistical Significance of R is affected by these three things1. sample size
2. magnitude of the correlation
3. how accurate you want to be to not draw an inaccurate conclusion - 35Directional HypothesisPredicts the direction of the correlation
- 36Nondirectional Hypotheispredicts that two variables will be correlated, but not the direction
- 37Restricted RangeData in which participants' scores are confined to a narrow range of the possible scores on a measure. Artificially lowers correlations.
- 38Factors that Distort Correlations1. Restricted Range
2. Outliers
3. reliability of a measure - 39The two types of outlierson-line and off-line
- 40Covariationchanges in one variable are associated with changes in the other variable
- 41DirectionalityThe presumed causal variable preceded the presumed effect in time
- 42Extraneous VariablesAll other variables that may affect the relationship between two target variables are controlled or eliminated. Correlational research never fills this criteria
- 43Criteria to establish causality1. covariation
2. directionality
3. extraneous variables - 44Spurious correlationa correlation between two variables due to their relationship to other variables
- 45Partial correlationthe correlation between two variables with the influence of one or more other variables statistically removed. If the correlation is lower with the third removed, this is a partial correlation
- 46Spearman Rank-Order Correlationused when variables are measured on an ordinal scale (numbers reflect rank ordering)
- 47Phi coefficientused when both variables are dichotomous
- 48point-biserial correlationused when only one variable is dichotomous
- 49Three criterion of a good experiment1. manipulate at least one independent variable
2. assign participants to groups
3. control extraneous variables - 50Types of independent variable manipulationsenvironmental
instructional
invasive - involve drugs or surgery - 51Pilot testa preliminary study that examines the usefulness of manipulations or measures that will be used in an experiment
- 52Manipulation checksquestions designed to determine whether the independent variable was manipulated successfully
- 53participant or subject variablea personal characteristic of research participants, like age, weight, gender, self-esteem, etc. Not true independent variables.
- 54Simple random assignmentevery participant has an equal chance of every condition
- 55matched random assignmentparticipants are matched into homogenous blocks and participants within each block are matched to conditions
- 56Repeated measures designan experimental design in which each subject does every condition (within-subjects design)
- 57the experimental design that does not require random assignment iswithin-subjects
- 58Powerthe ability of a research design to detect effects of the independent variable
- 59The most powerful research design is...within-subject
- 60The design that requires fewer participants is...within-subjects
- 61order effectswhen the order activities are done affects the results
- 62practice effectresult of practice, get better over time
- 63fatigue effectpeople become tired or bored
- 64sensitizationparticipants gradually become suspicious of the hypothesis
- 65counterbalancingpresenting independent variables to different subjects in different orders
- 66carryover effectsoccur in within-subject designs when effects of one treatment are still present during a subsequent condition
- 67Systemic Variancebetween-groups variance; portion of the total variance that reflects differences among the experimental groups
- 68treatment variancethe portion of the systemic variance that is due to the independent variable
- 69confound varianceportion of systemic variance that is due to extraneous variables that differ between the two groups. Must be eliminated.
- 70Error VarianceWithin-groups variance; the portion of the total variance that that remains unaccounted for after systemic variance due to the independent variable is removed
- 71internal validitythe degree to which a researcher draws accurate conclusions about the effects of the independent variable on a dependent variable
- 72Threats to Internal Validity1. biased assignment of participants to conditions
2. differential attrition
3. pretest sensitization
4. history effects
5. miscellaneous design confounds - 73Pretest SensitizationCompleting a pre-test causes participants to behave differently than they otherwise would have
- 74History effectsEvents outside the lab affect participants
- 75Experimenter Expectancy Effectswhen a researcher's expectations about the outcome affects participants' reactions
- 76Demand Characteristicsoccur when aspects of a study indicate to participants how they should respond
- 77Sources of Error Variance1. individual differences
2. transient states
3. environmental factors
4. differential treatment
5. measurement errors - 78Most common source of error varianceindividual differences
- 79External Validitythe degree to which results of one study can be generalized
- 80The stronger the internal validity...the weaker the external validity
- 81Researchers almost always opt for ______ validity.internal
- 82Advantages of Online Researchlarger and more diverse sample, easy and convenient, less social desirability bias
- 83Disadvantages of Online Researchcan't verify participant identities
research setting varies greatly
limits research designs
participants often fail to complete the study - 84One Way DesignsOnly one independent variable is manipulated. Simplest is the two-group design
- 85Three types of one-way design1. randomized groups design
2. matched subjects design
3. repeated measures design - 86Post-test only designdependent variable is measured only after the manipulation
- 87pretest-posttest designdependent variable is measured before and after manipulation
- 88Are pre-post or posttest designs more powerful?Pretest-posttest
- 89Disadvantages of pretest-posttest designspretest sensitization
normally not necessary - 90Factorial DesignDesign in which two or more independent variables are manipulated
- 912 x 2 x 4 factorial designThree independent variables, one with four levels and two with two levels
- 92Randomized groups factorial designparticipants are assigned randomly to one of the possible combinations of the independent variables
- 93matched groups factorial designparticipants are first matched into blocks on the basis of some variable that correlates with the dependent variable. Participants in each block are then randomly assigned to one of the experimental conditions
- 94repeated measures factorial designeach participant participates in every experimental condition
- 95mixed factorial designparticipants are randomly assigned to only one level of some independent variables but receive every level of other independent variables; called between-within designs
- 96main effectthe effect of an independent variable while ignoring the effects of all other independent variables in the design
- 97How many main effects will a factorial design have?As many as there are independent variables
- 98Interactionwhen the effect of one independent variable differs across the levels of another independent variable
- 99three-way designexamines the main effects of three independent variables
examines three two-way interactions
examines three-way interaction of A x B x C
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- Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por Janel Comeau el 03/05/2018.
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- Janel Comeau
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