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7R Science
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- 1Scientific MethodA method or process used by scientists to solve a problem or to answer a question.
- 2Steps of the Scientific MethodState The Problem
Hypothesis
Experiment
Data
State the Conclusion - 3HypothesisAn educated guess about what might happen.
- 4Independent VariableThe variable in an experiment that a scientist changes, "I do"
Located on the x-axis on a graph. - 5Dependant VariableThe variable being measured, "D-data" collected. Located on the y-axis on a graph.
- 6MassThe amount of matter in an object.
Unit: grams (g)
Tool: triple beam balance - 7VolumeThe amount of space an object takes up
Unit: meters (m)
Tool: ruler
1mL: 1 cm3 - 8DensityA ratio of the mass of an object to its volume
Formula: Density= mass/volume
Unit: g/cm3 or g/mL
Density of water: 1.0g/mL - 9WeightThe force of gravity pulling on the mass of an object measured Newton's (N), not the same as mass
- 10Water DisplacementA technique to measure volume, the amount of water displaced by an object
Formula: FInal Volume (Vf)-Initial Volume (Vl) - 11TemperatureHow hot or cold something is, measured in Kelvin (K), Celsius (C)
- 12ControlA standard to which your results can be compared, used for comparison.
- 13ConstantA factor that doesn't vary (change) in an experiment.
- 14The amount of matter in an object is it's__mass__
- 15A triple beam balance is used to measure__mass__
- 16The standard unit of mass is__grams (g)__
- 17The amount of matter in a certain amount of space is__volume__
- 18A graduated cylinder is used to measure__volume__
- 19The standard unit of liquid volume is__liters_ or_ millileters__
- 20To measure the volume of a box (cm3) with a ruler, you must measure__lengthXwidthXheight__
- 21PlainsA large flat area, often found in the interior region of continents, covers about half of the United States.
- 22PlateauFlat raised area of land made up of nearly horizontal rocks that have been uplifted within the earth.
- 23Folded MountainA type of mountain in which land made up of nearly horizontal rocks that have been uplifted by forces within the Earth.
- 24Fault Block MountainA type mountain mad up of huge tilted blocks of rock separated from surrounding rock by faults
- 25Upward MountainsA type of mountain that is formed when blocks of Earth's crust are pushed up by the forces inside the Earth.
_up_and _down_ - 26FaultA large crack in the rocks where there is movement.
- 27LatitudeParallel lines North and South of the Equator runs from 0 - 90 degrees
"Ladder lines" - 28LongitudeParallel lines showing distance East and West of the Prime Meridian, runs from 0 - 180 degrees
"Long lines" - 29EquatorImaginary line that circles the Earth exactly halfway between the North and South poles.
- 30How to Read a MapRead latitude then longitude
( la comes before lo, alphabetically ) - 31Prime MeridianSeparates the Eastern and Western hemispheres and it's located at 0 degrees longitude.
- 32International Time ZonesKnown as the 180 degrees meridian when looking at lines of longitude determines the new day.
- 33Time Zones15 degrees wide, there are 24 of them in the world
15 degrees = 1 hour - 34Topographic MapsA type of map that models the change in elevation on Earth's surface.
- 35Contour LinesConnect pints of equal elevation, these lines do not cross.
- 36HachuresAre short lines at right angles to the contour lines that are used to show depressions in the land.
- 37Index ContoursSome contour lines are called index contours and are marked with the elevation.
- 38Map LegendsExplains what the symbols used on a map means.
- 39Contour lines never ___________. ( parallel )cross
- 40Contour lines form "V's" that point __________ whenever they cross stream. ( toward where the water is coming from )upstream
- 41Where are contour lines steepest on a picture?*where contour lines are closest together*
- 42Mineral-inorganic
-solid material
-found in nature that always has the same chemical makeup
-Atoms arranged in an orderly pattern
-properties such as cleavage and fractyre, color, hardness, and streak, and luster - 43Ways of identifying MineralsCleavage/fracture, color, hardness, streak, luster, density
- 44Streak TestScraping a mineral across an unglazed, white tile, called a streak plate, produces a color that is not necissarily the same color as the mineral itself
- 45HardnessA way of describing how easy or difficult it is to scratch the mineral, Moh's Scale classifies minerals based on this properties.
- 46RockSolid inorganic material that is usually made of two or more minerals and can be metamorphic, sedimentary, or igneous.
- 47Three Types of Rock1. Igneous
2. Sedimentary
3. Metamorphic - 48Igneous RockA type of rock the forms when melted rock materials from the inside of the earth cools and on Earth, too
- 49Sedimentary RocksPieces of broken rock, shells, mineral grains and other materials make up what is called sediment, sediments collect together to form this type of rock.
- 50Metamorphic RockA type of rock that forms when it is heated and squeezed but NOT melted
- 51Foliated RockMetamorphic rocks that have visible layers or elongated grains of minerals
- 52Non-Foliated RockMetamorphic rocks that do not have distict layers or bands
- 53How do minerals form?-cooling of hot melted rock
-evaporation of liquids crystals are left behind - 54The measure of how easily a mineral can be scratched is called __________.Hardness.
- 55_____________ describes how light reflects from a mineral's surface.Luster
- 56Usually the first and most easily identified characteristic is ___________.Color
- 57__________ is the color of the powder left by a mineral on an unglazed porcelain tile.Streak
- 58____________ is when minerals split/ crack into smoot, flat planes that reflect lightCleavage
- 59FractureIs when minerals break into pieces with jagged or rough edges.
- 60Gemsare minerals that are more rare and beautiful than minerals.
- 61Oresa mineral that contains something useful/expensive
- 62Igneous RocksMelting and solidification of magma.
- 63Sedimentary RocksDetrital / clastic, chemical or organic
- 64Metamorphic RocksHeat and / or pressure
- 65According to the rock cycle, how does an igneous rock become a metamorphic rock?heat pressure
metamorphism - 66According to the rock cycle, how does a metamorphic rock become an igneous rock?Melting, cooling, and solidification
- 67LavaMolten rock on Earth's surface
- 68MagmaMolten rock inside Earth
- 69How are sedimentary rocks formed?Pieces of sediment heated or pressured.
- 70WeatheringMechanical or chemical surface process that breaks rocks into smaller pieces.
- 71Mechanical WeatheringBreaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing them chemically.
- 72Causes of Mechanical WeatheringPlant growth, animal burrowing, and ice wedging cause this type of weathering.
- 73Ice WedgingFreezing and thawing of water, creates potholes.
- 74Chemical WeatheringOccurs when the chemical composition of rock changes. This kind of weathering is rapid in tropical regions where it's moist and warm most of the time.
- 75Causes of Chemical WeatheringOxygen, acid rain, carbon dioxide cause this type of weathering.
- 76SoilMixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air that supports the growth of plant life.
- 77HumusThe top part of a soil profile, is rich in organic matter and provides nutrients.
- 78Soil ProfileVerticle section of soil that is broken down into four horizons.
- 79HorizonThere are four of these that make up a soil profile, the name of each layer of soil.
- 80Horizon 'A'Known as the topsoil, more humus than other layers has smaller rocks and minerals.
- 81Horizon 'B'Less evolved, has less humus compared to Horizon 'A'.
- 82Horizon 'C' and 'D'Partially weathered rock / bedrock that is beginning the process of evolving into soil.
- 83ErosionWearing away and removal of rock or sediment. Erosion occurs because gravity, ice, wind, and water sculpt Earth's surface.
- 84Agents of Erosion1. Gravity-moves materials downwards
2. Glaciers-a moving mass of ice and snow
3. Wind-carries small sediments
4. water-runoff flows over a surface - 85Mass MovementGravity alone causes rock or sediment to move down a slope.
- 864 Types of Mass Movement1. Creep
2. Slump
3. Rockslides
4. Mudflow - 87CreepThe process in which sediments move slowly downhill.
- 88SlumpOccurs when a mass of rock or sediment moves downhill, leaving a curved scar.
- 89RockslideWhen a rock breaks free from the side of a cliff or mountain.
- 90MudflowMass of sediments that flow downhill.
- 91Fossils-Remains, imprints, or traces of prehistorical organisms
-Evidence of when and where organisms lived long ago - 92Principle of Superpositionin undisturbed rocks can be determined by examining layer sequences, the oldest rocks are found on the bottom of the rock layer. The youngest rock is found on the top of the rock layer.
- 93UnconformityThe gap in the rock layer that is due to erosion or periods without any deposition
- 94Radioactive DecayProcess in which some isotopes break down into other isotopes and particles.
- 95Half-LifeThe time it takes for half the atoms of an isotope to decay.
- 96Continental DriftWegner's hypothesis that all continents were once connected in a single large landmass that broke apart about 200 million years ago and drifted slowly to their current positions.
- 97PangaeaOne large, ancient landmass that was composed of all the continents joined together, Greek for "all land".
- 98Evidence of Continetial Drift1. Puzzle-Like fit
2. Same fossils on different continents
3. Same rock structures on different continents
4. Warmly weathered plants found in cold climates. - 99Mid Ocean RidgesA system of underwater mountain ranges in the oceans.
- 100Seafloor SpreadingHess's theory that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a mid-ocean ridge.
- 101Theory of Plate TectonicsA theory that Earth's crust and upper mantle are broken into plates that float and move around on a plastic-like layer of the mantle.
- 102LithosphereA rigid layer of Earth about 100 kilometers thick, made of the crust and a part of the upper mantle.
- 103AsthenosphereA plastic-like layer of Earth on which the lithosphere plates float and move around.
- 104Types of Plate Boundaries1. divergent
2. convergent
3. transform - 105ConvergentTwo plates move towards one another.
--------> <---------- - 106DivergentTwo plates move away from on another.
<------------- --------------> - 107TransformTwo plates slide past one another.
- 108Convection Current-A cycle of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking of magma that occurs in the mantle.
-The force behind plate tectonics. - 109EarthquakeMovement of the ground that occurs when rocks inside Earth pass their elastic limit, break suddenly and experience elastic rebound.
- 110Where do seismic waves start?at an earthquake.
- 111Types of Seismic Waves1. p-wave (fastest)
2. s-wave
3. surface wave - 112VolcanoMagma, solid, and gas are spewed out to form cone-shaped. mountain
- 113Shield VolcanoBroad volcano with gently sloping sides, the largest type of volcano.
(shhh-quiet eruptions) - 114Cinder Cone VolcanoTephra forms this type of volcano, small cone volcano, has moderate to violent eruptions.
- 115Composite VolcanoSteep-sided mountain composed of altering layers of lava and tephra.
- 116Transverse WaveA type of wave created when the particles within the wave, it moves perpendicular to the path of the wave up and down.
- 117Compressional WaveA type of wave that has particles that move parallel to the path of the wave, move back and forth.
- 118TroughLowest point on a transverse wave.
- 119CrestThe highest point on a transverse wave
- 120AmplitudeHeight of a transverse wave
- 121WavelengthThe distance between one point on one wave and the identical point on the next wave on transverse waves, or the distance between comp[ression on a compressional wave.
- 122FrequencyHow often a wave is produced.
- 123AmplitudeThe height of the wave, measured from the rest position to trough or rest position ton crest.
- 124CompressionVibration inwards
(squeezed together) - 125RarefractionVibrations outwards
(spread out) - 126Law of ReflectionThe bouncing back of a wave after it strike a barrier
- 127Electromagnetic SpectrumThe complete range of electromagnetic wave frequencies and wavelengths, one end of the spectrum the waves have low frequency, long wavelength and low energy (radio waves), the other end of the spectrum has high frequency, short wavelengths, shorts wavelengthsand high energy (gamma rays)
- 128X-RayThis type of wave on the electromagnetic spectrum is used to see bones, these waves pass easily through soft tissues but not through bones, used in airport security to see inside luggage
- 129Gamma RaysThe highest energy wave on the electromagnetic spectrum has the shortest wavelength, used to kill bacterial and to sterilize, also used in cancer treatments and destroys cancer cells.
- 130Electromagnetic SpectrumRadio-Microwave-Infrared-Visible-Ultraviolet-Xray-Gamma
- 131_______are disurbances that transfer energy from place to placeWaves
- 132______is a substance a wave can travel throughMedium
- 133Sound waves can travel through all phases of mattersolid
liquid
gas - 134Sound waves travel faster through_______becuase the atoms are closed together.solids
- 135The approximate speed of sound is ______340.0 m/s
- 136Sound can't travel through empty______(vacuum)space
- 137Electromagnetic waves (light) can travel through a ______.(suns radiant energy)vacuum
- 138Light travels through a vacuum at _______ and slows down through a medium.3,000,000.0 m/s
- 139Physical ChangeThe physical properties of a substance change, but the identity of the substance does not change.
- 140Chemical ChangeThe changein the identity of a substance due to the chemical properties of the substance; a new substance is formed.
- 141Law of Conservation of MatterThe mass of what you end within a chemical reaction is always the same mass as what you started within a chemical reaction.
- 142MatterAnything that has mass and takes up space.
- 143MatterAll of this is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
- 144AtomSmallest particle that makes up most types of matter.
- 145ElementMatter made of only one kind of atom, there are 115 known elements and 90 of them they occur naturally on earth, can be classified as a metal, nonmetal or metalloid.
- 146Periodic TableThe organized array of all the chemical elements in order of increasing atomic number.
- 147—
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- Fichas sobre 7R Science, creado por Candida VillaltaMeza el 02/06/2018.
- Creado por
- Candida VillaltaMeza · jun 2018
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- 6 jun 2018
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