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Chapter 9 (Slide Show)
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- 1endogenous circannual rhythmsinternal mechanisms that operate on an annual or yearly cycle
- 2Jet lagrefers to the disruption of the circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones
- 3Mechanisms of the circadian rhythms include the following:The suprachiasmatic nucleus
Genes that produce certain proteins
Melatonin levels - 4suprachiasmatic nucleusis part of the hypothalamus and the main control center of the circadian rhythms of sleep and temperature
Located above the optic chiasm
Damage to the SCN results in less consistent body rhythms that are no longer synchronized to environmental patterns of light and dark
other systems look for as a clock for what to do - 5Various cellscommunicate with each other to sharpen the circadian rhythm
- 6What resets the SCN?Light resets the SCN via a small branch of the optic nerve known as the retinohypothalamic path
- 7The retinohypothalamic pathcomes from a special population of ganglion cells that have their own photopigment called melanopsin
The cells respond directly to light and do not require any input from the rods or cones - 8Two types of genes are responsible for generating the circadian rhythmPeriod: produce proteins called PER
Timeless: produce proteins called TIM - 9WHat does the SCN regulate?The SCN regulates waking and sleeping by controlling activity levels in other areas of the brain
The SCN regulates the pineal gland, an endocrine gland located posterior to the thalamus - 10The pineal gland secretes what?The pineal gland secretes melatonin, a hormone that increases sleepiness
- 11Sleepis a state that the brain actively produces
Characterized by a moderate decrease in brain activity and decreased response to stimuli - 12Sleep differs from the following states:Coma, vegetative state, minimally conscious state, and brain death
- 13Comaextended period of unconsciousness characterized by low brain activity that remains fairly steady
Person shows little response to stimuli - 14Vegetative stateperson alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal but no awareness of surrounding
Some autonomic arousal to painful stimulus
No purposeful activity/ response to speech - 15Minimally conscious stateone stage higher than a vegetative state marked by occasional brief periods of purposeful action and limited speech comprehension
- 16Brain deathno sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus
- 17electroencephalographallowed researchers to discover that there are various stages of sleep
Allows researchers to compare brain activity at different times during sleep - 18polysomnographis a combination of EEG and eye-movement records
More than one physilogical movement at the same time. - 19Stage 1 sleepAlpha waves
is when sleep has just begun
The EEG is dominated by irregular, jagged, and low voltage waves
Brain activity begins to decline
Beta waves to alpha wave activity toward delta and theta
Brain activity starts to decrease - 20Stage 2 Sleepcharacterized by the presence of:
Sleep spindles: 12- to 14-Hz waves during a burst that lasts at least half a second
Think related to the thalamus (recieves sensory information on the way the cortex) and cortex.
In preparation for sleep so that you take in less sensory information.
K-complex: a sharp high-amplitude negative wave followed by a smaller, slower positive wave
Indicater of stage 2
More alpha waves and starting to see theta waves - 21Stage 3 and 4 Sleepconstitute slow wave sleep (SWS) and is characterized by:
EEG recording of slow, large amplitude wave
Slowing of heart rate, breathing rate, and brain activity
Highly synchronized neuronal activity
Theta and delta wave(slow waves)
Deep Sleep
Harder to wake them up - 22Rapid Eye Movementare periods characterized by rapid eye movements during sleep
Also know as paradoxical sleep: deep sleep in some ways, but light sleep in other ways
EEG waves are irregular, low-voltage, and fast
Postural muscles of the body are more relaxed than other stages - 23Atoniaparalyses of body
- 24REM Behavior Disorderact out all their dreams
- 25consolidationREM sleep is thought to play an important role of the consolidation (storage) of procedural memory and spatial memory
NREM (nonREM)- stages1-4 where there is no REM - 26NREM (nonREM)stages1-4 where there is no REM
important for semantic memory (memory for facts) - 27pontomesencephalonis a part of the midbrain that contributes to cortical arousal
Axons extend to the hypothalamus, thalamus, and basal forebrain, which release acetylcholine and glutamate
Produce excitatory effects to widespread areas of the cortex
Stimulation of the pontomesencephalon awakens sleeping individuals and increases alertness in those already awake - 28locus coeruleusis small structure in the pons whose axons release norepinephrine to arouse various areas of the cortex and increase wakefulness
Usually dormant while asleep - 29hypothalamus contains neurons that release “histamine"to produce widespread excitatory effects throughout the brain
Neurotransmitter that increases arrousal
Antihistamines produce sleepiness
In the midbrain-inferior to the thalamus
Plays a role in our motivational behaviors
Thirst, hunger, and sexual motivation - 30Orexinis a peptide neurotransmitter released in a pathway from the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus highly responsible for the ability to stay awake (maintain not increase)
Stimulates acetylcholine-releasing cells in the basal forebrain to stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness and arousal
The basal forebrain is an area just anterior and dorsal to the hypothalamus - 31Narcolepsycompelled to sleep. Awake one moment and asleep the next. Do not have adequate amounts of Orexin.
- 32basal forebrainrelease the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA
Inhibition provided by GABA is essential for sleep
Other axons from the basal forebrain release acetylcholine, which is excitatory and increases arousal - 33Functions of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA are also important for:Decreasing the temperature and metabolic rate
Decreasing the stimulation of neurons - 34Sleepwalkersare awake in one part of the brain and asleep in others
- 35The parts of the brain that are active or inactiveFrontal- relatively inactive
Primary sensory area-relatively inactive
Primary motor area-relatively inactive
Limbic system -active (an interconnected system of brain nuclei associated with basic needs and emotions such as hunger, pain, pleasure, satisfaction, sex, and instinctive motivation) *dreams have an emotional valence to them.
Sensory Lobes-active (memories of the sensory information that your brain stores…faces, places, images..) - 36Brain Structures for Sleep and Arousal
- 37During REM sleep:Activity increases in the pons (triggers on set of REM sleep) and limbic system (emotional systems), parietal cortex, and temporal cortex
Activity in the pons triggers onset of REM sleep
Activity decreases in the primary visual cortex, the motor cortex, and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex - 38PGO wavesREM sleep is also associated with a distinctive pattern of high-amplitude electrical potentials
PGO wave Pons, Geniculate, occipital cortex - 39Insomniais a sleep disorder associated with inadequate sleep
Caused by a number of factors, including noise, stress, pain, diet, and medication, anxiety.
Can also be the result of disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, depression, anxiety or other conditions - 40Maintenance insomniawake up throughout the night.
- 41Sleep apneais a sleep disorder characterized by the inability to breathe while sleeping for a prolonged period of time
- 42Consequences of sleep apneasleepiness during the day, impaired attention, depression, and sometimes heart problems
- 43Causes of sleep apneagenetics, hormones, old age, and deterioration of the brain mechanisms that control breathing and obesity
- 44Hypoxicperiods where there is no oxygen intake. There is a belief that with the lack of oxygen in the brain due to hypoxic will cause parts of the brain to be destroyed.
- 45Occasional cataplexymuscle weakness triggered by strong emotions
- 46Sleep paralysisinability to move while falling asleep or waking up
- 47Hypnagogic hallucinationsdreamlike experiences
- 48Periodic limb movement disorderis the repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the arms while sleeping
Legs kick once every 20 to 30 seconds for periods of minutes to hours
Usually occurs during NREM sleep
Tranquilizers can help in some cases - 49Night terrorsare experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror
Usually occurs in NREM sleep - 50sexsomniaengaging in sexual behavior while asleep
- 51Functions of sleep include:Energy conservation
Hibernation-conserve energy
Temperature decreases, Muscle tension, Metabolic processes decrease and decrease the amount of energy used.
Restoration of the brain and body
Memory consolidation - 52Conservation of energy is accomplished via:Decrease in body temperature of about 1-2 Celsius degrees in mammals
Decrease in muscle activity
Form of hibernation - 53activation-synthesis hypothesissuggests dreams begin with spontaneous activity in the pons, which activates many parts of the cortex
The cortex synthesizes a story from the pattern of activation
Normal sensory information is sometimes integrated, but usually is not
When dreaming, you really can’t move, and this is also a common dream - 54clinico-anatomical hypothesisplaces less emphasis on the pons, PGO waves, or even REM sleep
Suggests that dreams are similar to thinking, just under unusual circumstances
Similar to the activation synthesis hypothesis in that dreams begin with arousing stimuli that are generated within the brain
Stimulation is combined with recent memories and information from the senses
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- Brain Behavior Fichas sobre Chapter 9 (Slide Show), creado por Amber Sufnar el 15/07/2013.
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