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GI histo

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1chyle:a milky fluid
consisting of fat droplets and lymph.
It drains from the lacteals of the small intestine into the lymphatic system during digestion.
2-lacteals:the lymphatic vessels of the small intestine that absorb digested fats
3-brush border: BB found in the lumen of the intestine and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys.a specialization of free surface or apical aspect of certain epithelial cells.
consisting of:
absorptive microvilli and glycocalyx—which is rich in hydrolytic enzymes.
BB ....>that greatly increase the surface area.
4-Paneth cell:narrow, pyramidal or columnar epithelial cell,
with a nucleus close to its base.
Found in the fundus,
of the mucosal crypts in the intestine.
5—
6-Paneth cells: has a bright red cytoplasmic granule. become more numerous toward the ileum.-The lamina propria has scattered inflammatory cells that play a role in immune activation and defense.
7-Paneth cells (specialized cells in the epithelium of the small intestine) are an important source of antimicrobial peptides in the intestine.*defensin is just like lysozyme=
hydrolytic protein.
8-defensin: Destructive peptides found in the granules of neutrophils and other phagocytic cells[macrophages], & epithelial cells.-which may be involved in nonspecific response to microbes.
= that kill bacteria and fungi by destroying their membranes.
9**protein-secreting cells: cells that have a role of secretions. specifically proteins, not steroids. e.g: pancreatic cells that must make digestive proteins & export them to small intestine.those cells that can secrete different types of proteins are full of rough ER as their protein synthesized & then secreted.
10paneth cells are another example of the protein-secreting cells, as they produce defensin and lysozyme(cationic peptides).-lysosomes fuse with food vacuoles to become digested and turned from polymers to nutrients monomers.
11- cationic peptides =Antimicrobial peptides. [found in carotid]-crypts of Lieberkuhn=[glands] of small intestine:
parallel, tubular, epithelial pits with openings at the bases of the intestinal villi.
their thin walls are formed by columnar epithelial cells.
12-pits= (crypts)= حفر . *mostly undifferentiated stem and intermediate cells and an increasing number of goblet cells as the small intestine proceeds distally= all of which migrate out of the glands onto the villi, but also [protein- (enzyme-) secreting Paneth cells] that remain in the glands= means at the base away from villi.-chyme;
=gastric juices and partly digested food.
passes from the stomach to the small intestine.
it's a pulpy acidic fluid.
13—= invaginations into the mucosa of the small intestine.
14-surfaces of both intestinal villi and crypts are covered by an epithelium[columnar epithelium] composed of 2 types of cells: 1/goblet cells. 2/enterocytes.-Brunner's glands:
Simple, branched, tubular mucus-secreting glands in the submucosa of the duodenum.
Also known as duodenal glands.
15-goblet secrete mucus to protect the stomach from its own HCL. -enterocytes: secret large quantities of H2O and electrolytes[=aqueous slats].**function of lieberkuhn:
secretion of intestinal juice.
which will protect the stomach and aid in chyme enzymatic breakdown.
16—-goblet cells and Brunner's glands are in submucosa of only duodenum.
17-circular plica: soft ridges of mucosa that protrude into the intestinal lumen. These folds are largest and closest together in the duodenum distal to the major duodenal [papilla: small rounded protuberance],they decrease in height and number through the distal jejunum,
and they disappear in the distal ileum.
**its function;
increase the surface area for absorption.
18**plica= fold[ a ridge formed by the doubling back of a lamina]. -plicae circulares= transverse folds of mucosa and submucosa.
19—
20—
21**In intestinal cells, the microvilli are microscopic cellular membrane protrusions, contrary to villi which are submucosal folds, while in the kidneys, microvilli are referred to as brush border.-Thousands of microvilli form a structure called the brush border,
that is found on the apical surface of some epithelial cells, such as the small intestines.
22-brush border: is the microvilli-covered surface of simple cuboidal epithelium and simple columnar epithelium cells found in certain locations of the body. *Because individual microvilli are so small and are tightly packed in the brush border, individual microvilli can only be resolved using electron microscopes, with a light microscope they can usually only be seen collectively as a fuzzy fringe at the surface of the epithelium. This fuzzy appearance gave rise to the term brush border.**Acidic dyes:
react with cationic or basic components in cells.
Proteins and other components in the cytoplasm are basic, and will bind to acidic dyes.
- cytoplasmic proteins are acidophilic (acid liking - i.e. bind to acidic dyes).
**Basic dyes react with anionic or acidic components in cells.
Nucleic acids are acidic, and therefore bind to basic dyes.
23-Brunner's glands: the specialized areas of the inner lining of the duodenum, lying at the bottom of the CRYPT OF LIEBERKUHN. -The glands produce alkaline fluid and mucus but probably few or no digestive enzymes.Enterochromaffin-Like Cells(ECL):
secreting histamine.
24-Parietal cells: secreting HCl acid and Intrinsic factor, -Chief cells secreting pepsinogens.- bicarbonate allows an increased pH local to the epithelial cells, protecting them from the highly acidic stomach environment.
These bicarbonate ions are formed in the mucus-secreting cells by reacting carbon dioxide with water, using the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. The bicarbonate ions are then pumped into the mucus layer by exchanging them with chloride ions.
25Brunner's glands are present in duodenum.

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Descripción: Fichas sobre GI histo, creado por alice zoldiac el 01/09/2018.
Creado por: alice zoldiac
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