Fichas
Phonetics
Fichas del conjunto (57)
- 1Prescriptivists- prescriptive approach (English teachers, editors...)
- there is a "wrong" or "right" about language - 2Descriptivists-linguists
-languages change constantly (everything is equal) - 3Standard Languagea word, phrase, dialect that is considered "good/correct" in a speech community; what is taught
- 4Non-standard languagedialect without institutional support
- 5Arbitrarinessthe form (what a piece of language looks like- usually the pronunciation or spelling) does not directly correlate with the meaning (it is random-other than onomatopoeia)
- 6Linguistic Creativitymany sentences we say have never been uttered before (limitations are physiological)
-infinite combos - 7Phoneticsan area of linguistics focused on the production of sound across (spoken) languages
- 8Orthography-writing system
- 9Vocal Foldsair sent through here
- 10Glottisgap between the folds
- 11Vocal Tract-mouth + nose + throat
-similar to woodwind instrument
-source of
airflow at one end; the sound is shaped/manipulated,
then it exits - 12Voicing or Phonation-vocal folds + glottis
-if vocal folds are NOT vibrating, vocal folds are more open= voiceless
-vibrating + vocal folds close together= voiced
-vocal folds closed= glottal stop
-vocal folds open= h sound (no obstruction just air) - 13Place of Articulation-where airflow is being shaped
- 14Alveolar Ridgesmall ridge behind upper front teeth
-tongue touches or goes near it - 15Hard Palatefront hard part of the roof of the mouth
- 16Soft Palate (Velum)-soft area towards the rear end of the mouth
- 17Manner of Articulation-How airflow is being obstructed/manipulated and to what degree
- 18Alveoplatal/postalveolartongue is behind the alveolar ridge
- 19Affricatehybrids
- one sound that opens like a
stop and ends like a fricative - 20Lateralthe tongue-tip
touches the alveolar ridge and the air flows around each side of it - 21Retroflexthe tongue tip is bent slightly upwards
- 22Plataltongue is next to hard palate
- 23Glide-the tongue moves around inside the mouth
-short oral sonorants
- often like the ends of vowels
- /j/ and /w/ - 24Labiovelarthe tongue is next to the velum but also the lips are rounded
- 25Tap/flaphe tongue-tip touches the alveolar ridge but only very briefly! This is what /t/ and /d/ are between vowel sounds.
- 26Obstruents-substantial obstruction of airflow in mouth
-the oral stops, fricatives, and affricates - 27Sonorants-continuous airflow - shaped but not interrupted
• nasal stops, liquids (/r/ and /l/), glides (/j/ and /w/) - 28Liquids-oral sonorants that can be whole syllables
-rhotics (/r/-like consonants) and laterals (/l/)
- /r/ and /l/ - 29Aspiration-When /p/, /t/, and /k/ are at the beginning of a syllable that is a stressed syllable, they have an extra feature (right before a vowel) a little bit of extra air released after them.
- 30Tense- tend to be longer than lax vowels
- 31Laxalmost never appear at the ends of words
- 32Dipthongs-vowel hybrids
-start in one area of the vowel-space and end up somewhere else. - 33Suprasegmental factorsmanipulation of:
-the amount of airflow
-the frequency at which the vocal folds vibrate (pitch)
-and several subtler factor
-stress, intonation, tone, length - 34Stress-combination of increased airflow,
increased length of vowel, and increased pitch
-Stressed syllables are the prominent ones
-primary stress: small raised tick before it
-secondary stress: lower tick - 35Intonationpitch contour/contrast across a set of segments
- 36Tone-like intonation, but on the level
of individual words rather than sentences - 37Lengthindicated with a colon (:)
- 38Narrow Transcription1. Flapping/tapping of /t/ and /d/
2. Aspiration of voiceless stops
3. Vowel nasalization
4. Canadian raising - 39Flapping/tapping-/t/ and /d/ become [ɾ]
-When a /t/ or /d/ is between vowels, except if that /t/ or /d/ is at the beginning of a stressed syllable - 40NasalizationWhen a vowel comes immediately before a nasal consonant, it becomes nasalized
- 41Canadian Raising-/aj/ and /aw/ become [ʌj] and [ʌw]
-When /aj/ and /aw/ come immediately before a voiceless consonant - 42CoarticulationNeighbouring segments influence one another
- 43Assimilation-A sound becomes more like one that is very near it
-Progressive assimilation: sound affects a sound that comes after it
-Regressive assimilation: sound affects a segment that comes before it (due to phonetic anticipation and planning for subsequent sounds) - 44Dissimilation-Two sounds near each other get less alike.
-They repel each other like magnets - 45Insertion (epenthesis)A sound gets inserted
under certain circumstances (ie. /s/ after a sibilant sound is pronounced /əz/) - 46Deletion-A sound gets deleted under certain circumstances
-In Latin, sometimes an /s/ sound got deleted before a voiced consonant (justice-> judicial) - 47Syllabic consonants-consonants can sometimes be their
own syllables in English
-/r/, /l/, /n/, and /m/
-transcribe these with a schwa before them, and treat them as if there are vowels there
-some phoneticians transcribe them with a small line-segment underneath - 48/r/, /l/, /n/, and /m/ have a lot in common with vowels-They are voiced sounds.
-They are sonorants (not obstruents) - they have very little shaping of the airstream from the lungs.
-They can form syllables - 49Sign language- handshape (manner of articulation), location, and motion-paths
-Sign languages also have crucial non-manual markers beyond the hands (e.g. what the face is doing, whether the head is moving, etc.). - 50McGurk Effectperceptual illusion in which what we see has a very strong effect on what we hear
- 51Phonology-how sounds arrange themselves into patterns, either within a language or across languages
-much more about representations of
sound/sign categories - 52Phonemes-prototypes
-distinction between two sounds is important enough in a language that they are separate consonants and could not be mistaken for each other - 53Contrastivedifference between two phonemes
- 54Allophones-One phoneme, but two phonetic ways of realizing it.
-Two versions of it in the narrow transcription of this language. - 55Complementary Distribution-No overlap in the environments they appear in.
-Not separate phonemes - 56Minimal Pairs-pairs of words whose phonemic
transcriptions differ by only one sound
(phonemes) - 57Underlying form-default pronunciation of the phoneme
Información
- Descripción
- High School Diploma Science Fichas sobre Phonetics, creado por Sabah School el 15/10/2018.
- Creado por
- Sabah School
- Visitas
- 0
- Valoración