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Lab Procedures test #2
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- 1Cestodes - Tapeworm MorphologyAdult worm is flat and segmented.
All eggs are Ova and look different.
All tapeworms had a scolex (head) that has hooks to attach to tissue - 2Tapeworm hostsAll require an IH host (2-3)
- 3Tapeworm cystsCysts will form in IH while adult tapeworms mature in the DH. Unless the cyst form is eaten by the DH than nothing happens
- 4ProglottidsEver maturing stages, that increase in size towards the end of the tapeworm. these segments contain eggs that are discharged with the feces. Segments can crawl through the feces and dry up but are still infective
- 5Testing proglottidsSegments must be squished open to release eggs or else the test will be negative
- 6Protozoan - Giardia (Beaver Fever) HostDogs, Cats, Birds, Humans
- 7Protozoan - Giardia HabitatSmall Intestine
- 8Protozoan - Giardia Morphology2 forms:
- Trophozoite: Motile feeding stage. Teardrop or ghost shaped. Contains 2 nucleoli and has 4 pairs of flagella (8).
- Cyst form is oval shaped, undistinguished cytoplasm, a stain is needed.
0 Need to do a direct smear for both - 9Protozoan - Giardia LifecycleDH ingests cysts in feces, enters the intestine, 2-3 trophozoites develop and attach to the intestine, they reproduce Asexually, and cysts are passed in the feces
- 10Protozoan - Giardia Prepatent period5 day - 2 weeks. transmission is through the ingestion of contaminated food, soil, or water that contains these cysts. Cysts are viable for 2 weeks in moist environment
- 11Protozoan - Giardia Clinical SignsExplosive diarrhea, but it can be found in formed feces
- 12Protozoan - Giardia Diagnose and TreatmentA) Direct smear (fresh sample). Maybe tough to detect as shedding cysts are sporadic
B) O and P is sent to an outside reference lab and send multiple samples
C) Centrifugal flotation with Zinc Sulfate
D) Antigen test. Need feces for specimen type. If the test is positive the animal will have antibodies against Giardia. (Most accurate) - 13Protozoan - Giardia Treatment and Control-Flagyl (Metronidazole), this will form the stool but not kill Giardia.
-Fenbendazole will kill Giardia
- Pick up feces
- Disinfect the area ASAP
- Keep a dry environment
- Isolate infected animal and treat all animals exposed - 14Protozoan - Eimeria sp. (Large animal Coccidia) Host (There are 40 different species)Herbivore (sheep, cattle, horses), rabbits
- 15Protozoan - Eimeria sp. HabitatSmall intestine, colon and cecum
- 16Protozoan - Eimeria sp. MorphologyAdult - We will never see it, some zoite stages may be found but it's rare
Oocyst - Can be sporulated (2 infective plasma balls) or non-sporulated (not infective). - 17Protozoan - Eimeria sp. LifecycleUn-sporulated Oocysts pass in the feces, sporulate on the ground within 24-48 hours. Sporozoites then from inside the Oocyst which is then ingested by the host. Sporozoites release and enter the epithelial cells of the intestine. Asexual reproduction occurs for 2-3 generations while destroying the intestine. Become merozoites, become male and female, sexually reproduce and release un-sporulated Oocysts into the feces. Transmitted by contaminated food.
- 18Protozoan - Eimeria sp. Prepatent period1-2 weeks
- 19Protozoan - Eimeria sp. Clinical signsCoccidiosis (Parasitic disease), diarrhea with frank blood. Feed is often pre-treated with medication. Calves can die because of dehydration.
- 20Protozoan - Eimeria sp. Diagnose and TreatmentA fecal flotation will find Oocyst (passive or centrifugal will work)
- 21Protozoan - Eimeria sp. Treatment and ControlDisinfect stalls, equipment, avoid contamination of feed and water, use hay feeders (don't feed off the ground), make sure water is isolated and not contaminated, pre-treat food and water, rotate pasture, isolate new stock (treat with Flagyl and Fenbendazole).
- 22Isospora sp. (Coccidia, small animal Coccidia) HostEverybody - Canis, Felis, etc.
- 23Isospora sp. HabitatSmall intestine
- 24Isospora sp. MorphologyAdult - We don't care
Oocyst - Ova can be sporulated or non-sporulated, takes 24-48 hours to sporulate. EXACT same as Eimeria. - 25Isospora sp. LifecycleUn-sporulated Oocysts pass in the feces, sporulate on the ground within 24-48 hours. Sporozoites then from inside the Oocyst which is then ingested by the host. Sporozoites release and enter the epithelial cells of the intestine. Asexual reproduction occurs for 2-3 generations while destroying the intestine. Become merozoites, become male and female, sexually reproduce and release un-sporulated Oocysts into the feces. Transmitted by contaminated food.
In rats and mice the sporozoite stage may stay dormant - 26Isospora sp. Clinical signsWorse for young, old or sick, hemorrhagic diarrhea, explosive diarrhea, very strong odour. Often seen in pet store puppies or overcrowding housing. Rabbits may be asymptomatic carriers. EVERY SPECIES HAS ITS OWN SPECIFIC HOST. Can be fatal in young because of quick dehydration
- 27Isospora sp. DiagnoseFecal flotation test
- 28Isospora sp. Treatment and ControlCLEAN EVERYTHING. Pick up feces, avoid mixing feces with food and water, elevate bowls, isolate newcomers, fecal flotations. Albon is a liquid that can be put in the water source. Isospora can go away on its own as long as the animals immune system is strong.
- 29Toxoplasma gondii HostDH cats (is the only known DH that sheds Oocysts)
IH can be humans. Zoonotic - 30Toxoplasma gondii HabitatMany cell types, multiply in the intestine, migrate to the brain, muscle, liver, heart, neurons
- 31Toxoplasma gondii MorphologyAdult - Impossible to see
Ova - Oocysts in feces are very tiny 10x 12 microns which make it very difficult to detect - 32Toxoplasma gondii LifecycleUnsporulated Oocysts in feces sporulate within 1-5 days and become infective. Sporulated Oocyst is infective to all warm-blooded animals as IH as well as tachyzoites and bradyzoites that are infective upon ingestion. Sporulated Oocysts then rupture in the intestine and release sporozoites. Then enter and multiply in intestinal cells and become tachyzoites that spread everywhere. Tachyzoites then form cysts within the tissue (brain, liver, muscle) and become Bradyzoites. The DH eats the IH that contain cysts. the Bradyzoite penetrates the intestinal wall/cells of DH, Asexually reproduce and then sexually reproduce.
- 33Toxoplasma gondii Prepatent period- 3 day to 1 week for ingestion of bradyzoites
- 1 month for ingestion of sporulated Oocysts or tachyzoites - 34Toxoplasma gondii Transmission-Ingestion of sporulated Oocyst or Bradyzoite, tachyzoite from IH
- Transplacental (Kittens will get it from mother) - 35Toxoplasma gondii Clinical signs- DH rarely develop disease, usually carriers with no clinical signs
- Kittens will have severe signs such as fever, seizures, ataxia (trouble balancing), icteric (liver disease)
- Humans as an IH can potentially be devastated. Flu-like symptoms. If a human has cancer or AIDS it can be fatal. Optic nerve and blindness may also occur
-If a pregnant woman is infected, can cause mental retardation or even death of the fetus, therefore avoid cat feces, litter box. Also, avoid eating undercooked meat and avoid gardening. - 36Toxoplasma gondii Treatment and Control-WASH, WASH, WASH
- Clean litterbox right away
-cook meat well
-gloves when gardening - 37Toxoplasma gondii DiagnosisFecal flotation is useless for Oocyst
- Toxoplasma Titre (blood test/number value of antibodies, that detects exposure only)
-PCR testing is best (Polymerase Chain Reaction) - 38Dipylidium caninum HostDog, Cat, Fox/ occasionally children (can be zoonotic, kids eating lice. fleas from contact with pets)
- 39Dipylidium caninum HabitatDH = Small intestine
IH = Muscle tissue - 40Dipylidium caninum MorphologyAdult - flat, segmented, creamy white, can be up to 50 cm in length
Ova - Large usually oval egg containing numerous egg packets within that show visible "suckers" - 41Dipylidum caninum Prepatent Period2-3 weeks
- 42Dipylidium caninum Lifecycle- Gravid segments (contains eggs - Ova) are passed in the feces, eventually dry, contract and ova are released
- Ova are then ingested by the IH (flea or biting louse)
- Ova then develops into a cyst within the muscle tissue of the flea
- The dog (DH), then ingests the flea or BL while grooming
- The cyst then attaches to the intestinal wall of the DH, matures into an adult tapeworm and releases gravid segments into the feces - 43Dipylidium caninum Clinical signsLight infestation = few problems
Heavy burden = weight loss with increased appetite/ thin, scooting, pruritus anal area, may have loose stool - 44Dipylidium caninum Treatment and prevention-Pick up feces ASAP
- Deworm (antihelmintics) for cestodes
- Must get rid of fleas to prevent reinfestation - 45Dipylidium caninum Diagnosis- Tapeworm segments are visible in feces
- Fecal flotation bay be negative because eggs release sporadically
- Squash up segments to break open in floatation solution, then choose centrifugal method to try to detect eggs - 46Taenia HostDH - Dogs and cats
IH- Rodent (mice), rabbit - 47Taenia HabitatDH = small intestines
IH = Muscle or liver tissue - 48Taenia MorphologyAdults - flat, segmented, creamy white, very long
Ova - Small round ova with a dark outer margin containing visible hooklets in center - 49Taenia Clinical SignsIn DH - weight loss, increased appetite, possible scooting
- 50Taenia Lifecycle- Gravid segments are passed in the feces, ova are released and are immediately infective
- IH ingests ova (L1) - hatches within the IH and penetrates the intestinal wall and migrates to liver or muscle tissue and forms a cyst in the tissue of IH
- IH is then eaten by DH and the cyst matures, scolex adheres into intestine and matures into adult tapeworm, gravid segments are realased - 51Taenia Prepatent Period34-80 days
- 52Taenia DiagnosisPresence of segments in feces, if ID genus, this one is a "single pored" segment
- 53Taenia Prevention and Control-Pick up feces ASAP
- Deworm (antihelmintic)
- do not feed raw meat
- do not eat non-government inspected meat - 54Echinococcus granulosus multilocularis (this one is zoonotic) HostG DH = Dog, Fox. IH = sheep, cat, rodent
M DH = Cats. IH = rodent, dog, human - 55Echinococcus HabitatDH = Small intestine
IH = lung, liver, any organs forms hydatid cyst in tissue - 56Echinococcus MorphologyAdults - Tapeworm, only 3 proglottids (1 mature, 1 immature and 1 gravid). The gravid proglottid is so small it's often missed.
- Ova - is oval in shape, a single oncosphere and 3 pairs of hooks - 57Echinococcus Clinical SignsDH - harmless unless increased burden then, weight loss, increased appetite
IH - damage to organ where hydatid cyst resides, lung issues possibly fatal in humans - 58Echinococcus Prepatent Period4-9 weeks
- 59Echinococcus Lifecycle- Gravid segments are passed in the feces, ova are ingested by IH ( granulosus - sheep)
(multiocularis - rodent)
- within the IH the egg hatches and migrates to various organs, through the bloodstream, especially liver and lungs, and develops into a hydatid cyst (can be 5-10 cm)
- DH then ingests the IH and cyst which further develops in the intestine. matures into an adult tapeworm and passes segments in feces - 60Echinococcus DiagnosisPositive ova on a fecal floatation is not diagnostic as too close to Taenia sp./ wear gloves if you even suspect Echinococcus sp. and are examining segment (very thin).
- Consider if flotation shows Taenia like ova with no visible segments anywhere in feces, also consider host... fox? - 61Echinococcus Prevention and Control- Antihelmintics for cestodes (tapeworm)
- No feeding raw meat
- Rotate sheep grazing areas
- Deworm barn cats - 62Diphyllobothrium latum (broad fish tapeworm) HostDH - Dogs, cats, human, any fish eating mammal
IH - Crustacean, fish (trout, pike, salmon) - 63Diphyllobothrium latum HabitatDH = Small intestine
IH = Connective and muscle tissue - 64Diphyllobothrium latum MorphologyAdults - Flat, segmented, very long (can be 2 - 12 meters)
Ova - oval egg with small operculum, lighter out membrane, no visible hooklets in center, resembles a fluke ovum - 65Diphyllobothrium latum Clinical Signs-
- 66Diphyllobothrium latum Prepatent Period- 6 weeks
- 67Diphyllobothrium latum Diagnosis- Observign this egg in a fecal flotation (small, operculum) but rare to see tapeworm eggs regardless.
Consider the host, area, water source nearby, fish eater? - 68Diphyllobothrium ladum Prevention and Control- Antihelmintics for cestodes
- Not eating non-government inspected fish
- Cook fish well
- Do not feed raw fish - 69Bacteria Characteristics- Transparent (need stain to see them)
- Semipermeable membrane
- Some require Oxygen, other don't
-37 degrees C for optimal growth
- Some will form spores to survive - 70Bacteria Shape-Cocci (plural), Coccus (singular): means circular
-Bacilli (plural), Bacillus (singular): means rod-shaped
- Spiral: means corkscrew shaped - 71Gram-Positive- Stain a blue or purplish colour
- 72Gram-Negative- Stain a red or pinkish colour
- 73Growing BacteriaNeeds to be grown on an Agar:
- Jello looking substance on a petri dish (either blood or MacConkey)
Broth:
- A liquid in a test tube - 74MediaAgar or broth needs to provide nutrients for growth, 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours
- 75Bacteria Reproduction- Binary fission (Asexual reproduction - splits). Mother cell splits into 2 daughter cells that are the exact same as the mother
- If environmental conditions change, it may reproduce sexually (mutation), DNA exchanged, and a new bacteria cell is produced. This is called Intermicrobial and it occurs with antibiotic resistance - 76How many types of Agar (Media)4
- 77Nutrient AgarProvides basic nutrients for bacteria growth
- 78Enriched AgarBlood Agar. Provides all the basic nutrients plus extra
- 79Selective AgarMcConkey Agar (Grows only gram-negative bacteria). It will contain an antibacterial agent, so only one bacteria will grow
- 80Differential AgarMannitol salt Agar. There is a visual difference in the bacterial colonies (turns yellow)
- 81CystocentesisTo puncture the bladder with a needle to remove fluid
- 82Protozoa-Single-celled organism
-Some are parasitic
- Intestinal Protozoa and Hemoprotozoa (hemo = blood), may migrate to infect a variety of tissue - 83Flagellates- Protozoans that have flagella (extensions from the body) and used for movement
-Will multiply asexually
- Some species form resistant cysts - 84CoccidiansProtozoa that have a variety of complex life stages:
-Sporozoites
-Zoites
- Tachyzoites
- Bradyzoites
- Trophozoites - 85Sporozoites- Infective form found in sporulated Oocysts
- 86Zoite- Motile, banana-shaped life stage that migrates in the host and invades cells
- 87Tachyzoites- Rapidly dividing life stage (Tach = Fast)
- 88Bradyzoites- Slow dividing life stage (often cyst life). Cyst (walled off) = Hotel, enclosed area
- 89Trophozoite- Motile feeding stage
- 90Intermicrobial Transfer- Permit gene sharing between bacterial cells.
- Recombination.
- One bacteria donates DNA to 2nd bacteria - 91Antiseptic- An agent used on living tissue to destroy micro-organisms (Hydrogen peroxide)
- Both disinfectant and antiseptic coagulate proteins in the cells
- Can cause oxidation to the cell
- Inactivating enzymes
- Alters membrane permeability - 92Cestode- An organism in the order Cestoda
- Type of tapeworm - 93Cocci/BacilliCocci: Bacteria with a round shape
Bacilli: Rod-shaped bacteria - 94Hydatid cyst- The larval cyst of a tapeworm
- Genus Echinococcus - 95Eimeria- A genus of coccidian protoza
- Large animal Coccidia - 96Toxoplasma- A parasitic spore-forming protozoan
- Zoonotic - 97Taenia- A form of tapeworm that lives in the small intestines
- A genus of Protozoa - 98Intermediate Host- A host that harbours the larval, immature, or asexual stages of a parasite.
- 99Scolex- Head of the tapeworm parasite
- Consists of hooks or suckers to attach itself to the host - 100Giardia- A parasite that infects the intestines
- Causes cramps, bloating, nausea, diarrhea - 101Asepsis- Free of all living organisms
- How to get something sterile is you steam under pressure - 102Bacterial Spore- A form of some bacteria that is resistant to environmental stress and difficult to destroy
-Bacteria that have a thick outer shell - 103Autoclave- A strong, heated container used for chemical reactions and other processes using high pressures and temperatures, e.g., steam sterilization
- 104Ethylene Oxide- A gas that is for items that need to be sterilized that are either sharp, electric or can't be autoclaved
- Home units are carcinogenic - 105Steam under pressure- Used to sterilize instruments, gowns, any item that can withstand intense heat and moisture. Don't put electronics, plastics, and sharp items
- 106Radiation (Ultraviolet radiation)Human surgical suite for bypass surgery is an example
- 107ChemicalsBleach, germephene (brand name sterilizing liquid). Used in a cold sterilizer
- 108Dry Heat- Hot air oven
- Takes a long time to sterilize - 109Diphyllobothhrium latum Lifecycle- Gravid segments are passed in the feces
- Ova released develop for several weeks then hatch and are eaten by the FIRST IH (crustacean)
- Stays in larval form within the crustacean for 2-3 weeks
- Crustacean is then eaten by the SECOND IH (fish)
- Cyst formation occurs within the fish's tissue
- DH then eats the fish, the cyst forms into an adult tapeworm in intestine, passes gravid segments in the feces - 110Types of Cysts1. Cysticerus Cyst. ex. Taenia sp.
2. Coenurus Cyst
3. Hydatid Cyst. ex. Echinococcus sp.
4. Cysticeroid Cysts. ex. Dipylidium sp
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- Fichas sobre Lab Procedures test #2, creado por Aaron Barnes el 03/11/2018.
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- Aaron Barnes
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