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ch 4: the self
Fichas del conjunto (36)
- 1self-concept meaningall of an individual's KNOWLEDGE about their personal qualities
- 24 sources of self-concept1. our own behaviour --> self-perception theory
2. thoughts and feelings
3. other people's reactions (looking-glass self)
4. social comparison --> social comparison theory - 3self-perception theorywe make inferences about our personal characteristics on the basis of our overt behaviours when internal cues are weak/ambiguous
- 4social comparison theorypeople learn about and evaluate their personal qualities by comparing themselves to others (outcome depends on who you compare yourself to)
we form our self-concept through comparisons to others - 52 effects of the social comparison theory1. contrast effect
2. assimilation effect - 6contrast effectcomparison makes the perceiver's judgement more different from the standard, more contrast between the two
- 7assimilation effectcomparison makes the perceiver's judgement more similar to the standard
- 8actor-observer effectattributing own choices and actions to situational factors but others' choices and actions to internal factors
- 9self-aspects meaningsummaries of a person's beliefs about the self in specific domains, roles or activities. we have multiple selves, depending on the situation.
- 10self-aspects more individualistic or collectivistic?collectivistic
- 11self-schema meaningcore characteristics that a person believes characterise them across situations (individualistic approach)
- 123 strategies for constructing a coherent self-concept1. selective accessibility
2. selective memory
3. reasoning away inconsistencies (differences are due to circumstances) - 13selective accessibility meaningdifferent aspects of the self are active at different times
- 14selective memoryyou especially remember events that are congruent with your current self-image
- 15CONSTRUCTING SELF-ESTEEM self-enhancing biasany tendency to gather or interpret information about the self in a way that leads to overly positive evaluations
- 16CONSTRUCTING SELF-ESTEEM self-complexityextent to which a person possesses many and diverse self-aspects
- 17CONSTRUCTING SELF-ESTEEM self-evaluation maintenancepeople's self-esteem will be maintained or will suffer, based on social comparisons to close or distant others
- 18CONSTRUCTING SELF-ESTEEM cultural differences in self-esteemindividualistic: higher self-esteem
collectivistic: lower self-esteem, tend to accept negative rather than positive info about the self - 19EFFECTS OF THE SELF appraisal meaninginterpretation of an event
- 20EFFECTS OF THE SELF self-monitoring meaningthe degree to which people are sensitive to the demands of social situations and shape their behaviours accordingly (high = shaping behaviours to demands, low = behave in ways that express their internal attitudes, so behave consistently across situations)
- 21EFFECTS OF THE SELF regulatory focus theorywhen a person pursues a goal in a way that maintains the person's own personal values and beliefs (also known as regulatory orientation)
ideal self and ought self.
personal standards = self-guides - 22regulatory focus theory: promotion focuswhat you ideally would like to be, ideal self
- 23regulatory focus theory: prevention focussense of what one is obligated to be or should be, ought self
- 24EFFECTS OF THE SELF self-affirmationaction that enhances one's own sense of personal integrity, such as affirming one's most important values
- 25DEFENDING THE SELF two types of effects of threat1. emotional: negative emotions
2. physical: alter our immune responses, nervous-system activity and blood pressure - 26DEFENDING THE SELF emotion-focussed copingdealing with negative emotions aroused by threats or stressors, often by suppressing emotions or distraction
- 275 ways of emotion-focussed coping1. escaping
2. focusing on more positive aspects
3. terror management theory
4. writing about it
5. tend and befriend - 28terror management theoryreminders of one's own mortality lead individuals to daily fear of death. this fear can be reduced by cultural worldviews (bc it gives a sense of security, safety and symbolic immortality) and self esteem
- 29tend and befriend explanationnurturing one's self, one's kin and other people and by creating and maintaining social networks of close others
- 30problem-focused copingdealing with threats and stressors directly, often by reappraising the situation or by directly removing the threat
- 31self-handicappingseeking to avoid blame for expected performance --> claiming an excuse in advance or actively sabotaging one's own performance
- 32difference in responding to threats between high and low self-esteemhigh: far fewer emotional and physical symptoms than those with low self-esteem
- 33when problem-focussed coping and when emotion-focused coping?controllable: problem
uncontrollable: emotion - 34Lake Wobegon effectpeople often rate themselves above average in various aspects
- 35difference ingratiation and self-promotioningratiation: trying to convey the impression we are LIKEABLE
self-promotion: trying to convey impression of COMPETENCE - 36maintaining facethe amount of social value that others attribute to you IF you meet the standard that is part of your social position (assessments made by others rather than by yourself)
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- social psych exam 1 Fichas sobre ch 4: the self, creado por Sabine - el 21/02/2020.
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- Sabine -
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