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Anatomy Chapter 3: Cell Form & Function
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- 1what is the general shape and size of cells?they all vary from shapes and sizes
- 2neurontransits signals. it branches are for sending and receiving signals
- 3musclethey contract toward the center, it causes a significant force
- 4skin cellscover and protects
- 5fat cellsprovide protection by cushioning the organ.
- 6*what are the three main parts of the plasma membrane?nucleus- control center
cytoplasm- middle
plasma membrane- skin - 7what is the general cell functions?cell metabolism
synthesis of molecules
communication
reproduction - 8cell metabolism/ energy usechemical rxns occuring within cells ATP->ADP+Pc+energy< work/heat
energy released from rxns-> used for cell activities and production of heat - 9synthesis if moleculesfor structure and for sunction; make own protein, complex carbs, etc.
ex. bone cells produce ECM that gets mineralized; proteins the cell secretes, contain minerals, strong bones. - 10communicationchemically and electrically
chemically- bonding
electrical signal- one neuron to another - 11reproduction and transmission of genetic infoa. mitosis/ cell division
b. sperm and egg (sexual) zygote- first cell of individual. - 12plasma membranebilayer of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol (animal cells)
- 13what are the functions of the plasma membrane?1.outer boundary
2. adhesion
3. communication and identification - 14phospohlipids have a what chain attached to the head?sugar chain
- 15glycolipids are bound how?covalently
- 16where are sugar chains only?outside of the cell
- 17how are phospholipids bound and how to they remain?they are not covalently bound. they can move around as leafletts. they stay on their row but can move within the rows. they always remain either on the top or bottom.
- 18what is cholesterol important for maintaining?proper fluidity of membrane. they are between the heads.
- 19transmembrane protein does what?penetrated the membrane. excellular region, transmembrane region, cytoplasmic region.
- 20pereferial proteins are associated with what, but dont what?membrane, but dont penetrate.
- 21head groups (phylic) can interact with what?water
- 22tail groups (phobic) interact with what?eachother.
- 23what do the ends do?they come together to block out water from the ends, its created a bilayer. two leafletts make it up.
- 24membrane lipidsmake up most of the membrane (phospholipids).
self-assembly of phospholipids ->bilayer (flexibly, fluid mosaic) - 25what does membrane lipids bilayer have in animal cells?embedded cholesterol
- 26some P-lipids have short what?carbohydrate chains attaches to head group
- 27membrane proteins are..bigger than phospholipids, but fewer of them in plasma membrane
- 28transmembrane proteinsextend through membrane.
have extracellular, bilayer, intracellular regions - 29peripherial proteinsadhere to one face/leaflet of membrane
usually associates with transmembrane protein - 30some membrane proteins with extracellular domain have short..carbohydrate chain on them (glycoproteins)
- 31how many functions are there of membrane proteins?6
- 32receptorsbind extracellular ligands/messengers
transmit signal to intracellular proteins - 33enzymescatalyze chemical rxns at surface
ex. breakdown other molecules or matrix
ex. produce other messenger olecules - 34channelsallow solutes in and out of cell through membrane.
it has 2 states; open and closed. it opens a waterfilled pout that passes molecules through - 35carriersfunction to move things in and out of the cell.
cargo - 36cell indentityallow body to distinguish self from nonself
- 37cell-adheasionbind to cell adhesion proteins on another cell or to ECM proteins
come together to form tissue. - 38what is an example of membrane protein functionsecond messenger generation
- 39microvillifinger-like projections
increase surface area of plasma membrane.
there are a lot in digestive system. they get wiped out & cant absorb nutrients and lose weight in cylliacs. - 40ciliahair-like projections
whipping/wave motion to propel over cell surface. found in trachea
they associate with mucous. push up mucus from windpipe to throat to swallow. - 41the plasma membrane isselectively permeable. it lets some things through but not all.
- 42the passage through the membrane can be..1. passive- requires no energy in the form of ATP
2. Active- requires energy of ATP - 43filtrationparticles forces across membrane by hydro static pressure
passive
membrane small enough to allow some solutes out; glucose - 44simple diffusionnet movement of particles from area of high concentration of low concentration.
- 45what factors influence diffusiontemperature-high temp->faster diffusion
molecular weight- smaller=faster
steepness of conc. gradient=steeper-faster
surface area-available to cross
membrane permeanility- how easily or readily does molecule cross membrane - 46osmosisdiffusion of water down its concentration gradient
passive
think of water drawn to areas of higher impermeable solute conc. - 47are membranes permeable to water?somewhat. but better passage through channel proteins
makes channel from one side of membrane to the other - 48tonicitythe ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell
due to osmotic and hydrostatic pressure
osmotic pressure due to nonpermeable solutes - 49isotonic solutionsolution that has the same tonicity as the inside of the cell. maintains its shape.
- 50hypertonic solutionmore molecules going out that in because the higher concentration is outside.
net diffusion is outward. cell lost water and starts to shrivel. - 51hypotonic solutionthe tonicity is lower than the cell. net is inward. its swollen.
- 52why cant you have an IV of water go into a dehydrated person?the saline has more solution than the water. just water will cause the swell with too much water too fast.
- 53summary of passive diffusionacross the bio/plasma membrane
net movement is down concentrates gradient. cargo that transports molecules from one membrane to another membrane - 54osmosisdiffusion of water
- 55carrier mediated facilitated diffusion1. solutes bind carrier protein in cleft
2. protein changes conformation(binding site now accessible to opposite side)
3. solute releases from carrier protein on opposite side of membrane
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- Fichas sobre Anatomy Chapter 3: Cell Form & Function, creado por kerry.harrington el 21/09/2013.
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