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- 1Psychodynamic theorists.Sigmund Freud.
Erik Erikson. - 2General psychodynamic theory.The Psychodynamic Theory, originally forwarded by Freud. This perspective considers the importance of the unconscious and focuses on childhood experiences and how they might influence the adult. This perspective will also consider the work of Erik Erikson
- 3Structure of the mind in psychodynamic.The id, and superego exist in a state of conflict, with the ego constantly trying to resolve the conflict.
Much of this is unconscious - 4About the ID.am the “demanding big baby” of the personality.
I am with you from the moment you are born.
I start every sentence with “I WANT” (or maybe ‘I don’t want’)
You can’t reason with me – I know what I want.
I am a toddler – and I am with you throughout your WHOLE life.
As you get older, you’ll learn to appease me – but you’ll NEVER shut me up!
I desire IMMEDIATE gratification! - 5About the Ego, (the reality principle).have to listen to the other two argue all the time.
I start to develop when you’re about 3 years old.
I think about the REALITY of the situation.
You can reason with me – I just want the other two to be quiet.
I am an adult – and I’ll listen and try and come to a compromise
As you get older, I’ll try to make sure that you don’t have to listen to those two all the time!
I will accept DEFERRED gratification - 6The Superego, (the morality principle).I am the part of your personality that tells you right from wrong.
I start to develop when you’re about 6, but I continue to grow as you do.
I think about the MORALITY and the RULES of each situation ~ it’s not about what you want, it’s about what you should / should not do.
You can’t reason with me – I know what’s right.
I am an adult – but I’m also a fanatic
As you get older, you’ll recognise my voice more - but I will never go away. - 7Superego continued.Is split into two parts:
the CONSCIENCE (punishes with guilt for wrong doing)
the EGO IDEAL (rewards with self worth for good deeds)
You get your CONSCIENCE from identification with your father (punishing parent) and your EGO IDEAL from identification with your mother (rewarding parent)
Since boys identify with the father more, this explains (according to Freud) why boys / men are morally superior to women – who have ‘self pandering ego-ideals’ rather than ‘self punishing conscience’ - 8Example of the ID/EGO/SUPEREGO.Tabitha is in class and she sees that Georgina has a pencil case that she really likes. Tabitha needs a new pencil case and would like it if she had one that was as pretty and useful as Georgina’s.
the ID - says to steal the pencil case because the ID wants it now.
the SUPEREGO - says that she should feel guilty about wanting the pencil case because it's not hers.
the EGO - Says to the others to be quiet because later she can go and buy a bigger better pencil case, reasoning. - 9Psycho-sexual stages of Freud's theory.Freud believed that we developed in stages
In each stage we gain pleasure from an area of the body
In each stage, the child can leave the stage with a good outcome or, if the parents are too strict or too lenient with the child then the child would “fixate” and become “stuck” in that stage. - 10The oral stage of Freud's theory.The first stage starts at birth and continues until about 18 months.
It focuses on the child's mouth – this is the pleasure centre in this stage.
The child gains pleasure from either sucking or biting
This stage is linked with breast feeding
The task that the child must successfully complete to move to the next stage is weaning. - 11The anal stage of Freud's theory.The second stage goes from about 1 year to around 2 or 3.
The focus of pleasure is the child’s anus
The child gains pleasure from withholding or expelling faeces
This stage is linked to potty training.
The task that the child must successfully complete in order to move to the next stage is becoming toilet trained. - 12The phallic stage of Freud's theory.This stage starts at around three and lasts until around six or seven.
The focus of pleasure is the child’s genitals
The child gains pleasure from touching and self exploration
This stage is linked to realisation of gender differences
The task that the child must successfully complete in order to move to the next stage is their Oedipus / Elektra complex - 13The Oedipus and Elektra stage.The Oedipus Complex is experienced by boys, Elektra by girls.
Oedipus was a figure from Greek Mythology who killed his father and married his mother. - 14The latency stage.The latency stage lasts from six or seven until the onset of puberty
There is no specific focus of pleasure in this stage
This is a stage where the child’s sexuality “lies dormant” and where there are no tasks to resolve. - 15The genital stage.This is the stage of “adulthood”.
Freud believed that this stage focused on the pleasure of sexual intercourse and the pursuit of adult relationships.
This is really the “finish line” of the theory. - 16Psychoanalysis.Freud’s patients were Viennese women who were showing neurotic symptoms.
He developed a technique known as PSYCHOANALYSIS (the ‘talking cure’) to treat their symptoms.
This involved talking to them about their childhood experiences, free association and analysis of dreams and inkblots.
It is a subjective method but was highly influential in the field of mental health. - 17Support for Freud's psychosexual stages.Freud used a number of case studies, including that of Little Hans to support the theory. He thought that Hans was in the phallic stage and was resolving his Oedipus complex. However, his interpretation was subjective.
- 18What is a defence mechanism?A defence mechanism is ‘an unconscious strategy that protects our conscious mind from anxiety’ (Cardwell, 2000)
We use them to help us cope with a situation. - 19What defence mechanism are there and what do they do?Repression - is an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious
Denial - blocks external events from awareness. If an experience is too much to handle for a person, they may refuse to experience it.
Projection - involves individuals attributing their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives to another person.
Displacement - satisfying an impulse such as aggression with a substitute object.
Sublimation - satisfying an impulse such as aggression with a substitute object in a socially acceptable way.
Regression - this is a movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress. - 20Freud's fixations.Freud argues that if a person was under or over satisfied in a stage they would become fixated, and develop certain personality characteristics in adult life to compensate.
- 21Oral fixation.If you are frustrated in your need to suckle, perhaps because mother is uncomfortable or even rough with you, or tries to wean you too early, then you may develop an oral-passive character - tends to be rather dependent on others, often retaining an interest in "oral gratifications" such as eating, drinking, and smoking. It is as if they were seeking the pleasures they missed in infancy.
- 22Anal fixations.Some parents put themselves at the child's mercy in the process of toilet training. They beg, they cajole, they show great joy when you do it right, they act as though their hearts were broken when you don't.
The child is the ruler of the house, and knows it.
This child will grow up to be an anal expulsive (a.k.a. anal aggressive) personality. These people tend to be sloppy, disorganized, and generous to a fault. They may be cruel, destructive, and given to vandalism and graffiti. Other parents are strict. They may use punishment or humiliation. This child will likely become constipated as he or she tries desperately to hold it in at all times, and will grow up to be an anal retentive personality.
He or she will tend to be especially clean, perfectionist, dictatorial, very stubborn, and stingy.
In other words, the anal retentive is tight in all ways. - 23Phallic fixation.There are also two phallic personalities, although no-one has given them names.
If the boy is harshly rejected by his mother, and rather threatened by his very masculine father, he is likely to have a poor sense of self-worth when it comes to his sexuality. He may deal with this by either withdrawing from heterosexual interaction, perhaps becoming a book-worm, or by putting on a rather macho act and playing the ladies' man. A girl rejected by her father and threatened by her very feminine mother is also likely to feel poorly about herself, and may become a wall-flower or a hyper-feminine "belle." But if a boy is not rejected by his mother, but rather favoured over his father, he may develop quite an opinion of himself and may appear rather effeminate. After all, he has no cause to identify with his father. Likewise, if a girl is daddy's little princess and best buddy, and mommy has been relegated to a sort of servant role, then she may become quite vain and self-centred, or possibly rather masculine. - 24Other stages and fixation.You can’t fixate in the latent stage, and fixation in the genital stage is to have an adult personality!
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- Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por Tash Serbert el 11/03/2015.
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