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Culture and socialisation: key terms and definitions
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- 1Culture Collection of beliefs, values and ways of doing thingsPractices + Products
-Practices: activities(Shopping/gaming)
-Products: material things that have meaning(Phone/Jewellery/Pictures) - 2Cultural transmission -Idea is passed from a primary to secondary sourceHigh Culture
-Products held in the highest esteem
-Few produced, Few consumed - 3Popular culture -Products enjoyed by the masses -Mass produced, mass consumedStrengths of PC
-Fun/Enjoyment
-Belonging
-Escape a stressful life
-Social cohesion - 4Criticism of PC -Lack in taste -Superficial -EasyBlurring between HC and PC
-No big distinction
-Warhol's pictures use HC (Beethoven) and PC (Coke cans) - 5Bricolage (Pick and mix) -Massive choice -To suit our sub-culture and identitiesBourdieu (Theorist)
-Identified cultural hierarchy
- Some products higher value than others - 6Cultural capital -Being able to read and understand codes -Sub-culture: Reject main cultureHabitus
-Children learn through it
-MC more likely to go to museums/read literature - 7Beliefs and Values -Beliefs are our views of existence/what we hold to be true -Value is the importance or worth you put on somethingNorms and Values
-Norms (expected): How to relate
-Values (importance): Right and wrong - 8Sub-cultures -'Counter hegemonic': resistance to main culture ideasAgents of socialisation
-Media/Work/Friends/Family/Education/
Community/Religion - 9Socialisation -Learn how to fit into society -The norms/rules/customs/values of the societyPrimary socialisation
-From the moment you're born
-Family=major part
-How to: walk/talk - 10Secondary socialisation -Learn to live in wider society -School=major part -How to: interact/skills/authorityNature vs. Nurture
-Nature: Inherited (Appearance/illness)
-Nurture: Learnt (Manners/opinions) - 11Identity -What we wish to present to the outside world -A representation of who we areSelf-concept
-The idea we have of ourselves
-Three categories: Self-esteem/Self-image/Ideal self - 12Self-esteem -How much you value yourself -Affected by 3 things: 1.Reaction of others(good/bad) 2.identification with others(friends/celebs) 3.Comparison with others(weight etc.)Self-image
-How we see ourselves inside and out
-Appearance/Roles/Personality - 13Ideal self -The person you would like to be: 1.Intellectually(ambitions) 2.Emotionally(relationships) 3.Physically/bodily(weight/hair)Looking Glass Theory
-Looking at ourselves how others would see us
-Changing behaviour as a result
Three steps:
1.Imagine how we appear
2. Imagine the reaction
3.Evaluate ourselves - 14—Gatekeeping and Self-Disclosure
-Gatekeeping: Filter information that may cause people to think bad of us
-Self-disclosure: What we decide to offer to the world - 15Cognitive Dissonance -Protecting ourselves by not revealing information from the 'blind pane' -The self has a positive self-image and negative feedback from others -Theorists suggest we reject unwanted opinions to justify our opinion of ourselvesSelf-presentation
-A performance we prepare and constantly work at
-6 stages:
1.Persona: the 'masks' we wear in certain situations
2.Performance: The way the mask is worn-Sincere/Cynical
3.Personal style: Unique to the individual
4.Staging: Our 'set'(location/props)
5.Teams: The company we keep
6.Role: The part we play - 16Non-verbal communication -All communication other than words and language -Types: 1.Physical Appearance(Dress/hair) 2.Gestures(hand actions) 3.Proximity(personal space) 4.Orientation(body angle to the person) 5.Posture(slouching/straight) 6.Eye contact(intimacy/lying/attentive) 7.Paralanguage(sounds that aren't words) 8.Facial expressionsGestures
-Involves body movements to illustrate emotions/attitude/personality
-5 types:
1.Emblem: substitures for words(middle finger)
2.Illustrators: support speech(hands on hips)
3.Regulators: signal a change in a listening or speaking role(point)
4.Adaptor: indicates a persons emotional state(fiddling/scratching head)
5.Affect displays: obvious display of emotion(raise arms=happy) - 17Verbal language -Method of human communication either spoken or written -Audience/roles/occasions influence our choice of language -Used to: 1.Get point across 2.Understand people 3.Express yourselfRegister
-The style of language used in a particular situation - 18Standard English -Only 12% speak it-Most can write it -Used by the Queen/Upper class/News reportersAccent
-The way your pronounce words that show regional identity - 19Dialect -Specific variations in vocabulary between regionsSociolect
-Style of language used by a small group
-E.g: bare/squad - 20Idiolect -Style of language unique to an individual -The grouping of words are unique rather than the individual wordsConvergent
-Change your language to fit in with a group - 21Divergent -Changing the way you speak so people don't understantGenderlect
-The difference between male and female speech - 22Codes -A system of communication that is governed by rules agreed by those who use it -3 elements: 1.Signs: anything that expresses a meaning(word/cultural object e.g:MP3) 2.Rules: signs are combined with other signs to make a complex understanding 3.Shared understanding: a code only works if a group of people share and understand itRestricted code
-Much less complicated form of speech
-Simpler grammar and vocabulary
-Used by working class - 23Elaborated code -Better grammar and wider range of vocabulary -Used by Middle classGroups
-Collection of individuals with a common aim
-4 types:
1.Formal: rule bound(work/school)
2.Informal: no rules(friends)
3.Primary: first group(family)
4.Secondary: temporary(work colleagues) - 24Why join a group? 1.To achieve a common goal or resist a common threat 2.Sense of belonging 3.Stimulation 4.Attraction of similarityConformity
-Individuals follow the opinions or norms of others in the group - 25Deviance -When people don't conformGroupthink
-Where groups of individuals act in an extreme way rather than how they would individually
e.g. The Manson Family/KKK/Jonestown Massacre - 26Causes of Groupthink 1.Self-loathing: sitting back and doing nothing 2.Social identity theory: in/out group 3.Conformity: going along with everyone 4.Obedience: following instructionsLeaderships
1.Autocratic: scary
2.Lassez faire: laidback
3.Democratic: ask opinion - 27Cult -Don't go along with modern society E.g. Scientology/JonestownOutgroups
-When a group is not liked
E.g. EDL and Muslims - 28Group motivation -Motivation: the drive to do something -Extrinsic: external factors(money/power) -Intrinsic: for yourselfTextual analysis
-A text is a unit of communication that can be analysed - 29Semiotics/Semiology -The study of signs found in a text and how they communicate to the receiver -Includes words/gestures/images/sounds/objectsSyntagm
-An ordered sequence of elements that provide meaning
-The set of signs lets the receiver know the whole potential meaning
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- Fichas sobre Sin título, creado por broganleigh1 el 16/03/2015.
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