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Equine obstetrics
Fichas del conjunto (41)
- 1Gestation length335-342 days, variable
Colds longer than fillies
Early in season = longer gestation
<300 days = non viable
<320 days = premature - 2Prediction of foaling - mammary glandsChange in consistency and colour
Mammary glands bag up 2-6 weeks pre foaling and teats fill 2-4 days before foaling
Waxing up - foal in a few days
Predictor kits: Calcium increases - 3Other physical changes to predict foalingRelaxation of sacro-sciatic ligaments results in a triangular rump
Muscles around rump are softer
Vulva becomes flaccid - 4Foaling behaviourMajority at night. Put them in foaling paddocks when close
Restless, isolate from herd - 5Preparation for foalingMove mare to foaling area 1 month before expected due date > exposure to more antibodies for passive transfer
Open caslick (vulva) 2 weeks before due date to prevent tearing
Vaccinate 4-6 weeks before due date - 6Foaling alarmOn the halter
Sets off alarm when the mare is in lateral recumbency
Indoor monitors
Monitor sutured to labia: stretching activates the alarm (stage 2 labour) - 7Measuring milk calciumTitrets
A colourmetric test (pink to blue) to indicate milk calcium
200ppm indicates foaling within a few days - 8Foal presentation98.9% cranial position (head first)
- 9Stage 1 labourUterus contracts and causes pain. Mare separates from herd, shows sign of abdominal pain and restlessness
Can last 4 hours
In the uterus, the foal rotates to a dorsosacral position
Chorioallantois can rupture > water breaking - 10Stage 2Within 5 minutes of the waters breaking, the amnion can be seen from the vulva
Foetus passes into pelvic canal, mare visibly strains
Feet face towards the mares hock
Whole foal is delivered within 20-30 minutes - 11Delivery of the foalOne foot facing the ground, followed by the other foot
Then the nose - 123rd stage labourExpulsion of foetal membranes,
30 minutes to 3 hours
Tie membranes in a knot to prevent her standing on them or dragging them
Examine the placenta when passed - 13Mare behaviour during stage 1 labourPainful, looks like colic due to uterine contraction
- 14How long does stage 2 last20-30 minutes total
- 15What happens in stage 3Expulsion of foetal membranes and checking the placenta and membranes are complete and normal
Check the tips of each uterine horn are present!! - 16DystociaEmergency as foal will die from oxygen deprivation as it is taking too long
Due to malpositioning vs foetal oversize
1-2% in all horse births
Prevalent in maiden mares - 17Face first presentationPush the head back in, then find the legs and pull out with rope, not chains if the foal is alive
If dead, use chains, caesarean or fetotomy - 18Foetal causes of dystociaRed chorioallantois instead of amnion
Abnormal progression or rolonged stage 2
Straining and no progress
Amnion appears and no arms or head
No amnion after waters break - 19When to interfere during foalingAbnormal progression
Head with no legs
One leg instead of two - 20TreatmentMutation: manipulate foal position
Traction: pulling on the foal
The mare should be standing
Use ropes and lubricant
Wriggle and rotate to pull - 21Red bag presentationChorioallantois is presented at the vulva rather than the amnion. It should be attached to the uterus!
The foal is being deprived of oxygen and is an emergency.
Cut the chorioallantois open, reach in and pull the foal out - 22Common malpositionsCarpal flexion / leg back
Head back (nose downward or head and neck turned back)
Elbow lock: leg nose leg presentation - 23Carpal flexionRotate the carpus outwards so the foot rotates medial, pull the foot forward
- 24HeadbackUse a head rope to align the head correctly
- 25Why examine the placenta post foaling?Ensure none of it is retained in the mare to prevent septic metritis laminitis syndrome
- 26Problems with foaling - what the vet doesWalk the mare around
Vet will sedate or anaesthetise her
Get assistance
Give an epidural (maybe)
Do a fetotomy - 27Ideal obstetric planMare examined
Vaginal delivery with mare awake
If not within 20 minutes: put mare under GA to deliver or caesarean section
Not realistic in NZ and very expensive - 28Retained placentasCauses metritis, septicaemia and laminitis
It should normally be passed in < 3 hours
Don't pull it
Give repeated oxytocin
Requires a vet - 29Clinical signs and management of retained placentaMay require antibiotics
Lavage uterus with fluids
Monitor for fever, anorexia, depression and laminitis
Treat mares with a history of retained placenta with oxytocin post foaling - 30Lavage solutionPovidine iodine and warm tap water
10-20L depending - 31Establishing the airway in foalsRemove amnion from the nostril and determine if they are breathing
- 32Respiratory stimulation of newborn foalsRub the body briskly for stimulation
Stimulate the nasal area to initiate respiration
Flex and extend the limbs - 33Ventilation assistanceOcclude lower nostril and flex head upwards
Mouth to nose breathing
One breath every 3-5 seconds
Ambu bags
Oxygen tank with cannula - 34Physical exam parameter of newborn foalsHR 70-110
RR: 30-40
Temp 37-39
Should be BAR - 35ambilical cord careAllow it to break on its own if possible, usually about 2 inches from the abdominal wall
Dip the stump with antisepti solution 2-3x/day
Chlorhexidine, povidine iodine or 2% iodine - 361-2-3 rules for foal milestonesStanding by 1 hour
Nursing by 2 hours
Pass meconium and placenta by 3 hours - 37Colostrum managementEvaluate the colostrum quality:
specific gravity with colostrometer or BRIX refractometer - correlated with antibody concentration
Foals need 1-2L of high quality colostrum - 38Colostrum evaluationCollect a sample to measure the IgG concentration. Easiest with a BRIX refractometer
>20% is good
Good colostrum can be stored and frozen - 39Passive antibody transferObserve that the foal is nursing and suckling colostrum from dam
- 40Testing passive transferMeasure serum IgG of the foal to verify passive transfer
Required for insurance - test at 24 hours of age
Blood sample in EDTA tube and measure with SNAP test or send to lab - 41Supplementing antibodies in foals with low IgGGive good colostrum if <12 hours
Plasma transfusion if >24 hours
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- Medical Nursing Fichas sobre Equine obstetrics, creado por Kelly Scott el 12/07/2020.
- Creado por
- Kelly Scott
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