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| Pregunta | Respuesta |
| What do most cells have? | . A nucleus . Cytoplasm . A cell membrane . Mitochondria . Ribosomes |
| What do plant and algal cells also have? | . A cell wall . Chloroplasts .Permanent vacuole |
| Nucleus | Controls the cells activities |
| Cytoplasm | Where many chemical reactions take place |
| Cell membrane | Controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell |
| Mitochondria | Where energy is released during aerobic respiration |
| Ribosomes | Where protein synthesis takes place |
| What is protein synthesis? | The process by which proteins are made on the ribosomes based on information from the genes in the nucleus. |
| What is an algal cell? | The cells of algae, single celled or simple multicellular organisms, which can photosynthesise but are not plants |
| Cell wall | A rigid cell wall made of cellulose for support |
| What is cellulose? | A big carbohydrate molecule that makes up plant and algal cell walls. |
| Chloroplasts | Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis; the chloroplasts absorb light energy to make food. |
| Chlorophyll | The green pigment contained in the chloroplasts |
| Permanent vacuole | Contains cell sap |
| Animal Cell | |
| Plant Cell | |
| Bacterial Cell | |
| Yeast Cell | |
| Bacterial Cell information | .Bacteria are very small and can only be seen with a powerful microscope .Bacterial cells have a cell membrane and a cell wall which is surrounded by cytoplasm. .Bacteria do not have a nucleus so the genetic material is in the cytoplasm. .When bacteria multiply, the form a colony |
| What is meant by 'genetic material'? | The DNA that carries the instructions for making a new cell or new individual |
| What is meant by a 'bacterial colony'? | A population of billions of bacteria grown in a culture |
| Yeast cell information | . Yeast is a single-celled organism . Yeast cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm and a membrane surrounded by a cell wall |
| What is meant by the term 'specialised cells'? | Cells that are adapted for a particular function. |
| A root hair cell | Black dot signifies a nuclues |
| A sperm cell | |
| If a cell has many mitochondria... | ...It must need a lot of energy e.g. muscle cell, sperm cell |
| If a cell has many ribosomes... | ...It is making a lot of protein e.g. gland cells which produce enzymes |
| Cells with tails... | ...Are able to move e.g. sperm cell |
| Receptor cells have special structures... | ...which enable them to detect stimuli e.g. the cone cells in the eye are light sensitive |
| Neurons are specialised to... | ...carry impulses from receptors to the CNS |
| Plant cells with many chloroplasts will be... | ...photosynthesising e.g. mesophyll cells of a leaf |
| Root hair cells increase the area of the root so that... | ...it can absorb water and mineral ions efficiently |
| What is meant by 'diffusion'? | Diffusion is the spreading out of particles of a gas, or of any substance solution |
| What is meant by 'net movement'? | The overall movement of... |
| What is meant by the term 'concentration gradient'? | The gradient between an area where a substance is at a high concentration and an area where it is at a low concentration |
| What is 'amino acid'? | The building block of protein |
| The larger the difference in concentration... | ...the faster the rate of diffusion |
| Examples of diffusion: | . the diffusion of oxygen into cells of the body from the bloodstream as the cells are respiring (and using up oxygen) . the diffusion of carbon dioxide into actively photosynthesising plant cells. . the diffusion of simple sugars and amino acids from the gut through the cell membrane |
| What is meant by a 'multicellular organism'? | An organism that is made up of many different cells which work together. Some of the cells are specialised for different functions in the organism. |
| What is meant by the term 'differentiate'? | Specialise for a particular function |
| Animal tissues include: | . muscle tissue . glandular tissue . epithelial tissue |
| Plant tissues include: | . epidermal tissue . mesophyll . xylem and phloem |
| Muscle tissue | contracts to bring about movement |
| Glandular tissue | to produce substances such as enzymes and hormones |
| Epithelial tissue | which covers some parts of the body |
| Epidermal tissue | which covers the plant |
| Mesophyll | which can photosynthesise |
| Xylem and Phloem | which can transport substances around the plant |
| Organs are made up of tissues. The stomach is an organ made of... | . muscle tissue to churn the stomach contents . glandular tissue to produce digestive juices . epithelial tissue to cover the outside and inside of the stomach. |
| Equation for photosynthesis | Carbon dioxide + water light glucose + oxygen CO + H O light C H 0 + O |
| What is meant by the term 'insoluble molecules'? | Molecules that will not dissolve in a particular solvent such as water. |
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