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Neural Control
Fichas del conjunto (41)
- 13 Step Process to Movement a) definition b) list and define three stepsa) describes the three steps our body's neural controls go through during movement
1) sensation (where is the ball going?)
2) interpretation (if ball is going left, what will I need to do to catch it?)
3) execution (activate which muscles? When and for how long?) - 2Motor Controlthe study of how the neuromuscular system functions to activate & coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill
- 3Motor Control Theory - allows practitioner to...Identify performance problems, develop interventions to fix problems, predict intervention effectiveness, develop approach to increase skill performance, create new interventions and evaluate them
- 4Four Types of Nerves: Cranial Central Peripheral AutonomicCRANIAL- nerves go from your brain to other parts of the head (eyes, ears, mouth, etc.)
CENTRAL - nerves in the brain & spinal cord
PERIPHERAL - nerves go from the spinal cord to bodies extremities (arms, legs, hands, feet)
AUTONOMIC - nerves go from the spinal cord to internal organs (heart, lungs, etc.) - 5Two Parts of the Nervous SystemCentral Nervous System (CNS) - divided into two parts: brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - divided into the Autonomic Nervous System and the Somatic Nervous System - 6Autonomic Nervous System & Somatic Nervous SystemANS & SNS make up the Peripheral Nervous System
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - controls involuntary muscles (heart, lungs, etc)
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM - controls voluntary muscles - 7Neuron a) definition & function b) sizea) the basic component of the neuromuscular system that is used to send and receive messages (also known as nerve cell)
b) 4 to 100 microns in size - 8Afferent & Efferent Neurons a) definition b) exampleAfferent Neurons (sensory) - neurons that convey a sensory stimulus to the brain (message inward) (burning sensation of candle)
Efferent Neurons (motor) - neurons that convey a motor stimulus to the muscles (reaction to sensory stimulus)
(move hand away from candle) - 9Parts of a Neuron:Nucleus
Cell Body
Axon
Dendrite
Axon Terminal - 10Nucleus & Cell Body Definitions (Parts of a Neuron)Nucleus - part of the cell body that makes up neurons and regulates homeostasis
Cell Body - the nucleus containing, central part of the neuron - 11Axon, Dendrite, Axon Terminal Definitions (Parts of a Neuron)Axon - elongated fiber that extends from the cell body to the terminal endings and TRANSMITS THE NEURAL SIGNAL
Dendrite - short, branched extension of a nerve cell, along which IMPULSES ARE RECEIVED from other cells at the synapse and transmitted to the cell body
Axon Terminal - enlarged, club-shaped endings by which axons make synaptic contact with other nerve cells - 12Interneurons a) definition b) function c) prevalencea) interneurons are nerve cells with multiple dendrite and axon branches that serve as the connection point between multiple sites
b) Function: the convergence of information, or the dispersal of information to multiple sites
c) for every sensory neuron, there are 10 motor neurons and 20,000 interneurons - 13Synapsethe point of connection between two neurons
- 14Neurotransmitters a) definition b) typesa) neurotransmitters are chemicals located and released in the brain to allow an impulse from one nerve cell to pass to another nerve cell
b) excitatory neurotransmitters - stimulate the brain
inhibitory neurotransmitters - calm the brain; help keep balance - 15Basal Gangliaarea of the brain responsible for controlling body movements, learning, routine behavior, emotion, etc
(often affected by neurological disorders) - 16Parkinson's Disease (Neurological Disorders)neurons that produce the neurotransmitter dopamine die off in the basal ganglia. The brain loses control of the body, resulting in shaking and jerking spasms
- 17Huntington's Disease (Neurotransmitter Disorders)genetic mutation causes over-production of the neurotransmitter glutamane, which kills off neurons in the basal ganglia. People lose control over movements, writhe uncontrollably.
- 18Alzheimer's Disease (Neurotransmitter Disorder)unusual build up of protein in and around neurons in the neocortex and hippocampus, parts of the brain responsible for memory. Neurons die off, people lose their capacity to remember.
- 19EMG (electromyography) a) definition b) functional usea) EMG is the measure of electrical activity in the muscle
b) helps us understand how the brain coordinates movements - 20Brain's Highest Priority...Balance
- 21Two Types of Vision...Focal & Ambient
- 22Focal Vision 1) Retinal Locus: 2) Visual Field: 3) Effects of Low Illumination: 4) Awareness: 5) Function:1) central locus
2) central vision
3) degraded vision
4) conscious
5) "what is it?" (focused vision) - 23Peripheral Vision & Depth PerceptionPeripheral Vision - side vision, away from the center of the eye
Depth Perception - combining information from both eyes - 24Moving Wall Experiment (procedure, results, significance of results)children were placed in a room with moving walls. When the walls moved, the children tended to fall. These results show that visual information is the dominant system, and it plays a major role in balance.
- 25How Tactile Sensory Information is Used in Movement:Movement Accuracy
Movement Consistency
Movement Force Adjustment
Movement Distance Adjustment - 26Cutaneous Receptors (Three Types)Thermoreceptors - sensitive to heat & cold
Nocioreceptors - sensitive to damage, or the threat of damage or pain
Mechanoreceptors - sensitive to pressure, vibration, and bending of the skin - 27Proprioceptive Awareness & Kinesthetic AwarenessProprioceptive Awareness - our body's ability to control the nervous system and communicate/coordinate with our body
Kinesthetic Awareness - our body's ability to coordinate motion and be aware of it's location in space and time
(these awareness are made possible muscle spindles, receptors, the vestibular system, etc.) - 28Muscles Spindles (Definition & Function)definition - mechanoreceptors within muscles that detect changes in length and velocity of muscle fibers
function - enables detection of changes in joint angles & provides info on muscle length to help maintain position, direction, and velocity - 29Golgi Tendon Organs Function (Tactile Sensory)senses changes is muscle tension & protects muscles from excessive force & provides movement control
- 30Vestibular System Function (Tactile Sensory)provides information about the orientation of the body in space (balance and posture)
- 31Motor Program (Definition & Application)definition - a memory representation that stores information needed to perform an action
Conceptual Application - ALLOWS MOVEMENT TO OCCUR - 32Generalized Motor Program (Definition)a memory representation of a class of actions that share invariant (fixed) characteristics
- 33Feedback (closed loop) a) definition b) strengths & weaknessesa) feedback is a sensory input that provides information about the movement (consequences)
b) Feedback is a closed loop system
Feedback is accurate, but slow
Feedback is most effective when the correlations are small - 34Feedforward (open loop) a) definition b) Strengths & Weaknessesa) feedforward is the modification or control of a process using its anticipated results or effects
b) feedforward is faster
feedforward requires accurate knowledge in advance - 35Feedback can be used to...alter current movements or adjust future movements
- 36Regulatory Feedback & Adaptive FeedbackRegulatory Feedback - information about output is used during movement to guide ongoing movement (stepped to far, so quickly adjust)
Adaptive Feedback - information about output is used to correct the program and make the next attempt more accurate (stepped too far, next time take smaller step before shooting) - 37Knowledge of Results & Knowledge of Performanceknowledge of results - make or miss
knowledge of performance - mike held the dive for too long (required for feedforward) - 38Anticipation (definition) (relation to feedforward & example illustrating relation)anticipation - planning of a movement prior to the stimulus (planning for a curveball)
feedforward (modifying a process based on anticipated results) can be used to better anticipate (plan movement)
example: when anticipating a curveball, you can use feedforward information (curveball breaks down and away) to enhance your anticipation planning: when anticipating a curveball, take into account that it breaks down and away - 39Reaction Time Movement Time Response TimeReaction time - the interval between the stimulus and initial response
Movement time - the time from starting a movement to finishing the movement
Response time - sum of the reaction time and movement time - 40Speed-Accuracy Trade Offcharacteristic of motor skill performance that causes accuracy of movement to decline when speed of a movement increase (and visa versa)
- 41Fitt's Law a) definition b) equationa) fitt's law describes the movement time for an aiming movement when the distance to move and the size of the target are known
b) Movement Time (MT) =
a + b (log2) (2D/W)
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- Fichas sobre Neural Control, creado por garrettmould el 28/04/2015.
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- garrettmould
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