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Unit 4 (2) Flashcards
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- 1What does NATO stand for?North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
- 2When was it formed and by how many countries?1949 by 12 Western Countries
- 3What was the purpose of NATO?It was a defensive military alliance where they agreed an attack on one of them was an attack on them all and that they all agreed to place their defense forces under NATO control.
- 4Why was NATO set up?Western Countries feared the USSR and the power of the Red Army.
- 5How did the USSR regard NATO?It saw NATO as an aggressive alliance which aimed to give Britain and the USA "World Supremacy"
- 6How did the USSR respond to the creation of NATO? What did this ensure?In 1955 created their own version of NATO, the Warsaw Pact.
That communist countries agreed to help each other in the event of an attack from the West. - 7When did the USA drop an atom bomb on Hiroshima?6th August 1945
- 8When did Russia develop its own atom bomb?1949
- 9When did American scientists develop a Hydrogen Bomb?1952
- 10When did Russian scientists develop a Hydrogen Bomb?1953
- 11Why did President_______ and the USA get involved in the Korean War? (5 Reasons)President Truman
1. Worried that the USSR had developed an atom bomb
2. Other policy makers felt that the USA needed a more aggressive approach to containment
3. The document NSC-68 recommended that there should be an increase in armaments and a policy to roll back communism.
4. Many Americans believed if a state turned communist, neighboring states would too. (Domino Theory)
5. If South Korea turned communist, Japan would also. - 12Why did the Russian Leader__________ get involved in the Korean War? (5 Reasons)Russian Leader: Stalin
1.The USA formed NATO, an anti communist organisation
2.America had begun negotiating economic and military aid with Japan in 1949.
3. It seemed as if the USA was becoming more aggressive
4. Kim Il Sung visited me to ask permission to invade South Korea.
5. It was an opportunity to cause the Americans trouble. - 13What was McCarthyism?Making allegations about somebody without any evidence or sufficient proof.
Based around the US senator Joseph McCarthy. - 14When was Phase 1 of the Korean War what happened?25th June -14 September 1950
1. North Koreans launched a full scale invasion on the south using Russian weapons. Captured the capital of Seoul and infiltrated most of the Country.
2.UN forces forced to retreat in a small area around Pusan. - 15When was phase 2 of the Korean war and what happened?15th September- October 1950
1. General MacArthur sent to command UN troops and lands in Inchon on Sep 15.
2. By October UN forces had forced the communists back past and recaptured Seoul.
3. MacArthur and Truman saw an opportunity to unite Korea and on 7th October UN forces crossed the 38th parallel and captured the North Korean Capital Pyongyang. - 16When was phase 3 of the Korean War and what happened?November 1950 - February 1951
1. China saw the USA's action as a threat and sent 300,000 'volunteers' to help the North.
2. By sheer numbers, the Chinese forces managed to push the UN forces out of North Korea and past the 38th Parallel
3. By February, UN forces had pushed the Chinese back to the Parallel. - 17When was phase 4 of the Korean War and what happened?February 1951- July 1953
1. A stalemate had occurred. The conditions they were fighting in were treacherous and both sides had suffered heavy losses.
2. In 1951, Russia ignited peace talks, which lasted for two years. In this time, Truman was replaced by Eisenhower (1952) and Stalin had died (1953)
3. On 17th July 1953 an armistice was signed - 18What was the impact of the cold war on: The UN, The USA, The Cold War, Korea?The UN- Shown it was prepared to stand up to aggression and that it was stronger than the league of nations.
The USA- Viewed as a success as advance of communism halted. Truman Doctrine upheld. Attention turned to Vietnam.
The Cold War- Cold war intensified, Hostilities spread out of Europe into other countries.
Korea- Country was ruined. 1/10 of Koreans had died. Not fallen to communism but remained divided. - 19How did Khrushchev bring a 'thaw' to the cold war? (8 Reasons)1. Relaxed state's grip on citizens
2. Pulled the Red Army of of the Soviet zone of Austria
3. Denounced Stalin as a tyrant- took down statues and renamed cities (Stalingrad --> Volgograd). 'desalinization'
4. Made the secret police less active
5. Produced more consumer goods
6. Replaced policy of confrontation to 'peaceful co-existence'
7. Recognized Western States 'right to exist'
8. Re-established Austria as a Sovereign state - 20When was the Hungarian uprising?October 1956
- 21What happened in the Hungarian Uprising?A full scale revolt against the communist rule of Rakosi too place. lead by Nagy. Nagy ordered Russian troops out of Hungary.
- 22What was Khrushchev's reaction?Sent Russian troops and T34 tanks to Budapest, crushing the revolt. Thousands of Hungarians were killed. Nagy was arrested and later executed. A new pro-soviet government was set up, under Janos Kadar.
- 23Why did Hungarians rebel? (15 Reasons)1. Death of Stalin and additional freedom from Khrushchev encouraged them
2. Austria had been freed
3. Poland had revolted and were given more freedoms
4. People were angry at the signing of the Warsaw Pact
5. Hatred of Rakosi
6. 25,000 executions without trial since 1945
7. American radio stations in West Germany broadcast propaganda in support of Germany
8. Hungarians were patriots
9. They news the UN or USA would help them once freed
10. Lack of freedom of expression- Media controlled
11. Hungarians were Christians but communism discouraged religion
12. They had to pay reparations to Russia
13. Food shortages were common
14. Factory and farm workers were told to work harder for less
15. Education ignored Hungary's close links with the west - 24What were the effects of the Hungarian Uprising? (5 effects)1. 200,000 Hungarians fled to the west
2. Nagy executed
3. Kadar ruled until 1988 but with more freedoms
4. West became more determined to prevent Soviet expansion
5. Showed the West that the USSR was not completely ready to stop fighting. - 25When was Sputnik 1 launched and who by?4th October 1957. Russia.
- 26What were ICBM's? When did both countries have them? Give details of them.Inter-continental Ballistic Missiles. Could strike targets from 6400km away. Both positioned theirs near each other in other countries. Both had them by 1960.
- 27Give details of Polaris.America fired the Polaris Missile from a submarine. They could be fired from 1600km away under water. Developed in 1960 by USA, closely followed by the USSR, also in 1960.
- 28Who was Gagarin? When was he launched?12th April 1961. USSR launches first manned space craft congaing Yuri Gagarin, he orbits he earth.
- 29Describe what happened with Apollo 11.20th July 1969. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin are the first men to walk on the moon, during the Apollo 11 misson
- 30When was the Paris Summit due to be held? Who was going to attend?May 1960
Khrushchev and Eisenhower - 31When was the U2 Plane shot down? Who was the pilot that it contained? Where was it shot down?1st May 1960. Gary Powers. Over the Ural Mountains
- 32What was the purpose of the U2 planes?To spy and take video footage of the ground beneath
- 33What happened to the pilot and the plane?Powers was captured, films and tapes were recovered from the plane.
- 34What was Eisenhower's response?He denied that the plane had been spying. He was shown to have lied when Khrushchev announced the full facts.
- 35What was Khrushchev's response to Eisenhower's response?Refused to attend the Paris Summit unless all future U2 flights were canceled and Eisenhower apologized.
- 36What did Eisenhower do after Khrushchev's demands?Refused to apologize but did cancel all future U2 flights.
- 37What were the consequences of the U2 crisis?1. Paris summit ruined when Khrushchev stormed out in anger and returned to Moscow.
2. Cold war tensions soared- US forces put on world wide alert
3. The USA lost credibility in the west. - 38When was the Berlin wall built?1961
- 39Why was the Berlin wall built? (3 reasons)1. Between 1949-61 there were 2.6 million defections to the West, many skilled workers.
2. Khrushchev needed a foreign policy success after the Hungarian Uprising
3. The currency meant that West Germany could get goods cheaply in East Berlin - 40What was Kennedy's response to the Berlin Wall?Accepted Soviet action although it broke the 4 power agreement.
Visited Berlin, promising the USA would never desert the city
Refused proposals for US troops to tear down the wall with the fear of armed conflict. - 41When was the Disarmament conference in Geneva?March 1962
- 42What was the test ban treaty and when was it signed?Banned testing weapons in air or under water. Signed in August 1963.
- 43When did the UN ban weapons being taken into space?17th October 1963
- 44How did Castro take over Cuba and when?In 1959, Batista's cruel reign ended by Guerrillas, lead by Castro.
- 45What did Castro do?He nationalised land, property and oil refineries. Started to sell sugar cane to the USSR rather than the USA. The USA ceased all trade with Cuba in October 1960
- 46When was the bay of pigs and what happened?In 1961, Kennedy persuaded the CIA that Fidel Castro could be overthrown by supporters of the previous leader. Rebels, helped by America landed in the bay of pigs in the Cuban south coast in April 1961. The attack failed as the rebels received no support from Cubans.
- 47How did missiles end up in Cuba?Castro relied on the USSR for military support. In June 1962, he began to receive shipments of ground to air missiles. In September he received nuclear weapons from the USSR. They claimed it was defensive, but the USA surveyed the area and the weapons had ranges to hit US cities.
- 48How did Kennedy respond to the missile crisis?On 20th August, Kennedy decided to use a blockade around Cuba. It would stop the USSR bringing in Military supplies and allow the US Navy to stop and search ships.
- 49Result of the Cuban Missile Crisis (6 results)1. Helped thaw cold war relations
2. Cuba stayed communist and heavily armed but without nuclear weapons
3. A 'Hot Line' was set up between Washington DC and Moscow (1963)
4. Kennedy's reputation increased in America and the West
5. Both sides took steps to reduce the risk of nuclear war
6. Both signed the test ban treaty
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- Fichas sobre Unit 4 (2) Flashcards, creado por Patrick Noyau el 31/05/2015.
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