Fichas
Equine critical care
Fichas del conjunto (78)
- 1Why do horses colic?Usually GI in nature
Pneumonia, laminitis, haemorrhage, toxic plants, muscle disorder, reproductive disorder, tying up, neurological problems - 2Mild colicRestlessness
Pawing
Flank watching
Flehman response - 3Moderate colicKicking at abdomen
Lying down frequently and extended periods of time
Stretching out - 4Severe colicSweating
Violent rolling
Self trauma injuries - 5How are colics defined? (3)Strangulating/non-strangulating
Small or large intestinal
Primary or secondary - 6Causes of SI non strangulating colicGastric ulcer, neoplasia or impaction
Ileal impaction, IBD, duodenal ulcer
Cecal impaction - 7Causes of LI non strangulating colicLarge colon impaction: flexure, displacement, sand or faecalith, neoplasia
Small colon: impaction
Rectum: impaction, neoplasia - 8Strangulating causes of colicStomach: Neoplasia
SI: lipoma, entrapment, volvulus, intussusception, neoplasia
Caecum: intussusception, volvulus and large strongyles - 9Colic work up: historyHistory of colic?
Passing faeces? describe
Diet
Vaccinations
Deworming
Severity and chronicity
Other horses affected?
Fever
Travel? - 10Colic work up: physical examHR, MM, CRT
Gut sounds
Rectal temp
Appearance: painful, muscle fasciculations, cuts, abdominal profile - 11Colic workup: diagnosticsBloodwork
NG intubation
Rectal exam
Ultrasound
Abdominocentesis - 12Interpreting blood resultsDehydration
Infection
Haemorrhage
Inflammation
Electrolyte imbalances
Lactate: perfusion and ischaemia - 13Abdominal ultrasoundUseful only for soft tissue and fluid
Need ultrasound unit, curvilinear probe and meths - 14Rectal abdominal palpation in normal horsesSpleen, left kidney, bladder, large colon, faecal balls in small colon and caecal ligaments
- 15Abdominal palpation in abnormal horsesDistended small intestine
Large colon impactions
Large colon displacement or torsion
Free gas
Masses - 16Equipment for rectal examsRectal sleeve
Lube
Stocks/restraint
+/- sedation - 17Purpose of NG intubationHorses can't vomit
Reflux builds up in the stomach due to enteritis and obstruction. May cause rupture unless tubed - 18NG intubation equipmentTube of good size
Lube
+/- twitch and sedation
Bucket of pre-measured lukewarm water
Empty bucket
Jug
Funnel - 19Placing a NG tubeLubricate the end
Insert into ventral meatus
Advance tube
Horse will swallow tube
Assess for smell, noise and negative pressure
Pass 1L of water down
Put tube in bucket
siphon fluid out of stomach - 20AbdominocentesisSampling the fluid around the intestines
Assess for ischaemia (lactate), infection, haemorrhage and rupture
Gives a base value - 21Abdominocentesis equipmentClippers
Rough and sterile prep
Needle
Sample tubes (EDTA and serum) - 22Abdominal radiographyCan detect enteroliths and sand
Requires specialty equipment - 23EnterolithsIntestinal stone of ammonium magnesium phosphate
Strong association with alfalfa ingestion - 24Surgical indicationsDeterioration in lab values
Clear lesion
Severe pain - 25Medical management of colicIV Fluids
Analgesia
NPO
Hand walking
Regular bloods and other diagnostics if indicated (PCR and abdo ultrasound)
SLOW re-feeding with patient poops - 26Fluid therapyIV: corrects dehydration and electrolyre deficiencies. Supports cardiovascular system and adds fluid to intestinal lumen
- 27Outcomes if medical management failsSurgery
Euthanasia - 28Common reasons for euthanasiaFinanace
Concomitant disease
Fear of surgery and recovery
Poor prognosis even with surgery - 29Pre-surgery procedures and treatmentIV catheter placement
NG tube
Pre-op prophylactic antibiotics: Procaine penicillin and gentamicin
Tetanus toxoid or antitoxin - 30Post operative careIV fluids
Belly bandage
NG intubation
Slow re-feeding
Muzzle - 31Post-operative complicationsIleus
Laminitis
Adhesions
Jugular thrombosis
Incisional hernia or infection
Colic - 32TyphlitisInflammation of caecum
- 33TyphlocolitisInflammation of both caecum and colon
- 34Causes of colitisInfection: bacteria, virus or parasite
Non infectious: antibiotics, sand irritation, diet imbalance, neoplasia, IBD, toxic plants, NSAIDs - 35Clinical signs of colitisPyrexia
Diarrhoea
Colic
Lethargy
Anorexia
Abdominal discomfort
Ventral oedema
Recumbency - 36History for colitisMedications: NSAIDs, antimicrobials and anthelmintics
Dietary changes
Deworming history
Recent stress or travel - 37Diagnostic tests for colotisBloods
Abdominal ultrasound
Rectal exam
Abdominocentesis
Fecal PCR/culture
Intestinal biopsy - 38Treatment for colitisIsolation!
Fluids
Antimicrobials
Anti-inflammatories
Biosponge
Plasma transfusion
Nutritional management - 39Complications of colitisLaminitis
Thrombophlebitis
Weight loss
Neurological signs
Death - 40Normal foal milestones1 hour: standing
2 hours: nursing
3 hours: passed meconium - 41Normal foal nursing behaviourNurse for 2-5 mins about every 10 minutes (7 times per hour)
They will drink 25% of BW in 24 hours
Will produce dilute urine at USG of 1.008 - 42Umbilical careDip umbilicus with dilute chlorhex (0.05%)
Stump should shrivel over forst 48 hours and become dry and hard - 43Normal foal behaviourLaying down and sleeping a lot
They should get up and follow the mare if you enter the stall - 44Foal day 1 checkClinical exam
assess passive transfer
Examine mare and placenta
Check tetanus status - 45Normal neonatal foal parameters37-39 degrees
80-100BPM
30-35 breath PM - 46Daily hospital check for foalsEyes if becoming entropian
Umbilicus
Heart
Respiration
GIT: meconium
Urination
Limbs
Joints - 47Foal passive transferAntibodies do not pass the placenta, in colostrum for 12 hours post foaling
Optimal absorption in 8 hours
None after 24 hours - 48Assessment of passive transferBest between 18-24 hours old
Blood test or ELISA instant test
Can send to lab for quantitative result but takes longer - 49Passive transfer values>800mg/dL: adequate
400-800mg/dL: partial failure
<400mg/dL: failure - 50Failure of passive transfer treatmentAge dependent
<12 hours: colostrum
>12 hours: IV plasma - 51Plasma transfusionStart slow and monitor for reactions
TPR every 5 minutes for 20, then every 15 minutes - 52Transfusion reactionHives
Shaking
sweating
resp distress
collapse, anaphylaxis, death - 53Common foal diseaseFailure of passive transfer
Prematurity and dysmaturity
Sepsis
Neonatal maladjustment syndrome
Seizures - 54Common clinical signs of sick foalsWeak
Depressed and dull
Not nursing - 55Risk factors for foal diseasePlacental insufficiency
Poor colostrum, failed passive transfer
Maternal illness
Foal prematurity
Dystocia
Red bag delivery - 56Foal sepsisBacteraemia and systemic inflammatory response syndrome
- 57Clinical signs of sepsisLethargic and off suck
Recumbency
Injected MM, petechiae
Red coronary band
Tachycardia and tachypnoea
Acute severe lameness
Hypopyon - 58Diagnosis of foal sepsisFarm history
Clinical exam
Bloodwork
Culture: blood, foetal fluid, placenta, localised infection - 59Complications of sepsisRecumbency - corneal ulcers
Uveitis
Septic joints
Patent urachus
Thrombophlebitis
Meningitis
Septic umbilicus - 60PrematurityFoal born at gestational age of <320 days that displays immature physical characteristics
- 61DysmaturityA full or over term foal that displays immature physical characteristics
- 62Neonatal maladjustment syndromeWeird behaviour in neonate
- 63Clinical signs of NMSUnable to attach to mare, poor suck reflex MILD
Aimless wandering, abnormal phonation, blind MODERATE
Seizures, coma, respiratory depression SEVERE - 64Treatment for NMSSupportive care
Madigan foal squeeze - 65Seizure clinical signsBlinking, staring, unaware of environment, lip smacking, drooling, nystagmus
Involuntary muscle movements, opisthotonus, limb paddling, extensor rigidity - 66Seizure causesCerebral trauma
Hypoxia
Metabolic
Sepsis
NMS
Idiopathic
Congenital abnormalities - 67Foal colic signsLateral recumbency
Tucking forelimbs to sternum
Mild roll to side or dorsal recumbency
Tail flagging
Off suck
Teeth grinding - 68Foal colic causesMeconium impaction
Enteritis/colitis
Distension associated with diarrhoea
Ruptured bladder
Parasites
SI or LI obstruction (intussusception can develop in foals)
Gastric ulceration
Hernia - 69Meconium impactionFailure to pass all meconium
Diagnosed via signalment, history, digital rectal exam and ultrasound - 70Neonatal diarrhoea causesFoal heat
Nutritional issues
Lactose intolerance
Sand
Sepsis
Secondary to aspiration
Rhodococcus equi - 71Bladder ruptureMost common in males
Can be caused by poor handling
Diagnosed via ultrasound
Will have electrolyte imbalance and post renal azotaemia, high peritoneal creatinine - 72Management of patent urachusLeaking of urine from unbilicus
Attempt medical treatment first
Antimicrobials
Fluid therapy
Assess with ultrasound regularly
Surgical resection if unsuccessful
Can lead to umbilical infection - 73Duration of cathetersOver the needle
Short term: 3 days
Long term: 10 days
Over the wire: 2 weeks + - 74Medical management for sick foalsIV access
Fluids
Oxygen
NG tube or parenteral nutrition
NSAIDs
Antimicrobial
Gastric protectants
BP support
U. cath
Enemas - 75Fluid rates for foals and adultsFoal: 4ml/kg/hour
Adults: 2ml/kg/hour - 76Nursing considerations of sick foalsRecumbency: sternal and flip every 2 hours
U cath care
Physical therapy
Biosecurity
Nutrition - check for reflux
Help to stand to nurse - 77Care of the mare of a sick foalFull physical exams
Has she passed foetal membranes
Is milking going ok
Maintain her nutrition - 78Prevention of sick foalsKeep mare in good maternal health
Ensure clean environment
Assess for adequate intake of good colostrum
Check for passive transfer
Close monitoring for early recognition of disease
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- Descripción
- Uni Advanced Clinical Studies Fichas sobre Equine critical care, creado por Kelly Scott el 27/05/2021.
- Creado por
- Kelly Scott
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