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MATH 14 - Midterms

Jahnelle Marianne Urbano Inglés 79 fichas

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  1. 1can be conducted in person or over the telephone; can be done formally (structured), semi-structured, or informally.Interviews
  2. 2Questions should be focused, clear, and encourage open-ended responses.Interviews
  3. 3A data collection technique that is mainly qualitative in natureInterview
  4. 4Responses can be analyzed with quantitative methods by assigning numerical values to Likert-type scales.Questionnaires & Surveys
  5. 5Results are generally easier (than qualitative techniques) to analyze.Questionnaires & Surveys
  6. 6Allows for the study of the dynamics of a situation, frequency counts of target behaviors, or other behaviors as indicated by needs of the evaluation.Observations
  7. 7Good source for providing additional information about a particular group, can use video to provide documentation.Observations
  8. 8Can produce qualitative and quantitative dataObservations
  9. 9A facilitated group interview with individuals that have something in common.Fous Groups
  10. 10Gathers information about combined perspectives and opinions.Focus Groups
  11. 11Responses are often coded into categories and analyzed thematicallyFocus Groups
  12. 12Involves studying a single phenomenon.Ethnographies, Oral History, and Case Studies
  13. 13Uses a combination of techniques such as observation, interviews, and surveys.Ethnographies, Oral History, and Case Studies
  14. 14Researcher can become a confounding variable in this data collection techniqueEthnographies, Oral History, and Case Studies
  15. 15It is a more holistic approach to evaluation.Ethnography
  16. 16Consists of examining existing data in the form of databases, meeting minutes, reports, attendance logs, financial records, newsletters, etc.Documents and Records
  17. 17This can be an inexpensive way to gather information but may be an incomplete data sourceDocuments and Records
  18. 18Method of collecting data that uses historical dataRetrospective Study
  19. 19It may involve a lot of data, but that data may contain relatively little useful information about the problem.Retrospective Study
  20. 20Some of the relevant data may be missing, there may be transcription or recording errors resulting in outliers (or unusual values), or data on other important factors may not have been collected and archived.Retrospective Study
  21. 21In this method, the engineer observes the process or population, disturbing it as little as possible, and records the quantities of interest.Observational Study
  22. 22These studies are usually conducted for a relatively short time period, sometimes variables that are not routinely measured can be included.Observational Study
  23. 23In this method, the engineer makes deliberate or purposeful changes in the controllable variables of the system or process, observes the resulting system output data, and then makes an inference or decision about which variables are responsible for the observed changes in output performance.Designed Experiments
  24. 24This method plays a very important role in engineering design and development and in the improvement of manufacturing processes.Designed Experiment
  25. 25This method also plays a crucial role in reducing the lead time for engineering design and development activities.Designed Experiment
  26. 26It is a way to ask a lot of people a few well-constructed questions. The survey is a series of unbiased questions that the subject must answer.Survey
  27. 27Advantages of a Survey-They are efficient ways of collecting information from a LARGE number of people
    -They are relatively EASY to administer
    - A WIDE VARIETY of information can be collected and they can be focused
  28. 28Disadvantages of Surveys- They depend on the subjects’ Motivation, Honesty, Memory and Ability to respond.
    -Answer choices to survey questions could lead to VAGUE data.
  29. 29Various Methods of Administering a Survey- Face-to-face interview or phone interview
    - Self-administered survey or Internet Survey
  30. 30It is a method of administering a survey where the subject can complete a survey on paper and mail it back, or complete the survey online.self-administered survey or internet survey
  31. 31Advantages of Face-to-Face Interviews- FEWER incomplete responses, higher response rates greater control over the environment in which the survey is administered
    - the researcher can collect ADDITIONAL information if any of the respondents’ answers need clarifying.
  32. 32disadvantages of face-to-face interviews-they can be Expensive and Time-consuming and may require a Large staff of trained interviewers.
    -the response can be BIASED by the appearance or attitude
    of the interviewer.
  33. 33advantages of self-administered surveys-they are Less expensive than interviews, do not require a Large staff of experienced interviewers and can be administered in Large numbers.
    -Anonymity and Privacy encourage more Candid and Honest responses, and there is Less Pressure on respondents.
  34. 34disadvantages of self-administered surveys-responders are more likely to Stop Participating mid-way through the survey and respondents Cannot ask them to Clarify their answers.
    -LOWER response rates than in personal interviews
    -often the respondents who bother
    to RETURN surveys represent extremes of the population
  35. 35Different Forms of SurveyThey can be used to ask only ONE question or they can ask a SERIES of questions.
    We can use surveys to test out people’s OPINIONS or to test a HYPOTHESIS.
  36. 36Steps in Designing a Survey1) Determine the GOAL of your survey
    2) Identify the sample POPULATION
    3) Choose an interviewing METHOD
    4) Decide what QUESTIONS you will ask in what order, and how to phrase them.
    5) CONDUCT the interview and COLLECT the information.
    6) ANALYZE the results by making graphs and drawing CONCLUSIONS.
  37. 37Constructing a Surveya) List the GOAL of the survey.
    b) What POPULATION sample should she interview?
    c) How should she administer the SURVEY?
    d) Create a DATA COLLECTION sheet that she can use to record her results.
  38. 38Appropriate ways of displaying data includes using a____ ____, or _______.pie chart, bar graphs
  39. 39Steps in Planning and Conducting a Survey> Conducting a Survey
    > Designing a Survey
    > Constructing a Survey
    > Display, Analyze, and Interpret Statistical Survey Data
  40. 40Steps needed in planning and conducting experiments1. Recognition and statement of the PROBLEM
    2. Choice of Factors, Levels, and Ranges
    3. Selection of the response VARIABLE(s)
    4. Choice of DESIGN
    5. Conducting the EXPERIMENT
    6. Statistical ANALYSIS
    7. Drawing CONCLUSIONS, and making RECOMMENDATIONS
  41. 41These are the factors of primary interest to you.Treatment Factors
  42. 42These are not your primary focus, but you have to deal with them.Nuisance Factors
  43. 43Nuisance Factors are also called ______ because we will try to block on these factors to prevent them from influencing the results.Blocking Factors
  44. 44These are factors that you can specify (and set the levels) and then assign at random as the treatment to the experimental unitsExperimental Factors
  45. 45Factors that can't be changed or assigned, these come as labels on theClassification Factors
  46. 46You can assign these factors in any specified levelQuantitative Factors
  47. 47Factors that have categories which are different types.Qualitative Factors
  48. 48It is the likelihood or chance of an event occurring.Probability
  49. 49It consists of a set of possible outcomes of a probability experiment.Event
  50. 50It can be one outcome or more than one outcome.Event
  51. 51An event with one outcome.Simple event
  52. 52an event with more than one outcome.Compound event
  53. 53It is the Set of all possible outcomes or results of a random experiment. It is represented by letter S.Sample space
  54. 54Each outcome in the sample space/eventelement
  55. 55It is the subset of this sample space and it is represented by letter E.Event
  56. 56Probability of an Event FormulaP(E)=n(E)/n(S)
  57. 57What counting rule can you use if you wish to form a sample of j elements by taking one element from each of the j sets?Multiplicative Rule
  58. 58What counting rule can you use if you wish to select k elements from the n and arrange them within k positions?Permutation Rule
  59. 59What counting rule can you use if you wish to partition them into k sets?Partitions rule
  60. 60The arrangement of elements in a distinct orderPermutation
  61. 61What counting rule can you use when a sample of k elements is to be chosen from a set of n elements?Combinations Rule
  62. 62Two events are _____or _____if they cannot occur at the same time.mutually exclusive, disjoint
  63. 63The probability that Event A occurs, given that Event B has occurred, is called a __________.conditional probability
  64. 64The conditional probability of Event A, given Event B, is denoted by what symbol?P(A|B)
  65. 65The ______ of an event is the event not occurring.complement
  66. 66The probability that Event A will not occur is denoted by what symbol?P(A')
  67. 67The probability that Events A and B both occur is the probability of the __________of A and B.intersection
  68. 68The probability of the intersection of Events A and B is denoted by ____?P(A∩B)
  69. 69If Events A and B are mutually exclusive, P(A ∩ B) =?0
  70. 70he probability that Events A or B occur is the probability of the ___of A and B.union
  71. 71The probability of the union of Events A and B is denoted by __?P(A ∪ B)
  72. 72If the occurrence of Event A changes the probability of Event B, then Events A and B are ______.dependent
  73. 73On the other hand, if the occurrence of Event A does not change the probability of Event B, then Events A and B are ____.independent
  74. 74In Rule of Addition, if two events A and B are mutually exclusive, then:P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
  75. 75In Rule of Addition, for any two outcomes A and B:P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)
  76. 76In Rule of Multiplication: When two events A and B are independent, then:P(A∩B) = P(A)P(B)
  77. 77In Rule of Multiplication: When two events A and B are dependent, then:P(A∩B) = P(A)P(B|A)
  78. 78The probability that event A will occur is equal to 1 minus the probability that event A will not occur.Rule of Subtraction
  79. 79Rule of Subtraction is denoted by:P(A) = 1 - P(A')

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Fichas sobre MATH 14 - Midterms, creado por Jahnelle Marianne Urbano el 07/11/2022.
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