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ANATOMY TEST UNIT 3
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- 1Fibrous Joints- Lack a synovial Cavity
- permit little to no movement
- A.B. held together by D.F.C.T. - 2Three types of fibrous joints- sutures
- syndesmoses
- interosseous - 3Suture JointStructure: thin layer of dense irregular CT
Function: Immovable (adults) or slightly movable (children), provides shock absorption for skull - 4Syndesmoses Joint- Structure: greater distance between articulating surfaces + more dense irregular CT than a suture.
○ DICT typically arranged as bundle (ligament)
- Function:
Permits limited movement - 5Interosseous Joint- Structure: A substantial sheet of DICT that binds neighboring long bones.
- Function:
Classified as amphiarthrosis because it permits slight movement. - 6Cartilaginous Joint- lacks a synovial cavity
- permits little to no movement
- A.B. are held together by Cartilage C.T. - 7Synchondrosis JointStructure:
- thin, dark areas between white-appearing bone tissue
- the connecting material is hyaline cartilage.
Function:
- Slightly movable to immovable - 8SymphysesStructure:
- Ends of articulating bones are covered w/ hyaline cartilage, w/ a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage that connects the bones
Function:
- slightly movable joint - 9Synovial JointsStructure: A.B. are covered with articular cartilage, held together by ligaments, contain synovial fluid, have a nerve and blood supply, and are surrounded by an articular capsule.
Function: Permits a large range of movement AKA "Freely Moving" - 10Bursae- Sac Like Structure filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another.
- 11Tendon Sheaths- Tube-like bursae that wrap around tendons subject to great deal of friction
- 12Types of Synovial Joints- Plane
- Hinge
- Pivot
- Condyloid
- Saddle
- Ball-and-Socket - 13Plane Joint- Articulated surfaces flat or slightly curved
- bi-axial and tri-axial diarthroses
Ex: Intercarpal - 14Hinge Joint- Convex surface fits into concave surface
- Uniaxial diarthroses
Ex: Knee (modified hinge), elbow, or ankle - 15Pivot Joint- A rounded or pointed surface fits into ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament.
- Uniaxial diarthrosis
- Ex: Radioulnar joints - 16Condyloid Joint-Oval-shaped projection fits into oval-shaped depression
- Biaxial diarthrosis
- Radiocarpal - 17Saddle Joint- Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped; articular surface of other bone "sits" in saddle.
- Biaxial diarthrosis
Ex: Metacarpal of thumb - 18Ball-and-socket Joint- Ball-like surface fits into cuplike depression
- triaxial diarthrosis(all three)
Ex: shoulder & hip joints - 19Factors Affecting Contact & Range of Motion @ Synovial Joints1. Structure or Shape of the articulating bones
2. Strength and tension of joint ligaments
3. Arrangement and tension of the muscles
4. Contact of Soft Parts
5. Hormones
6. Disuse - 20Temporomandibular Joint- The only movable joint between skull bones
Anatomical Comps
1. Articular Disc
2. Articular Capsule
3. Lateral Ligament
4. Sphenomandibular Ligament
5. Stylomandibular Ligament
Movement
- Only mandible moves b/c temporal bone is anchored to other skull bones through suture. - 21Hip Joint- Articular Capsule of Hip Joint is one of the strongest structures in the body.
Anatomical Comps
1. Articular Capsule
2. Iliofemoral Ligament
3. Pubofemoral Ligament
4. Ischiofemoral Ligament
5. Ligament of the head of the femur
6. Acetabular Labrum
7. Transverse Ligament of Acetabulum
Origin = upper front of pubic bone
Insertion = upper medial shaft of femur
Actions = Hip adduction or flexion (involves femoral & gluteal nerves)
ALL THREE LIGAMENTS PUBO, ISCHIO & ILIO ARE THE SOFT PARTS - 22Effects of Aging on Joints1. Decreased Production of Synovial fluid in joints
2. Articular Cartilage becomes thinner with age
3. Ligaments shorten & lose some flexibility - 23Arthroplasty- Procedure where damaged bones are removed, and ceramic, or plastic component is fixed in place.
- Goal is to relieve pain & increase range of motion - 24Total Hip Replacement- Damaged portions of acetabulum and the head of the femur are replaced by prostheses
- 25Disorders of the JointRheumatisms: painful disorders of the bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles that are not caused by infection or injury.
Arthritis: Form of rheumatism where joints are swollen, stiff and painful.
Lyme Disease: Caused by tick bites w/ symptoms of joint stiffness, fever and chills, & headache.
Sprain: Forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that stretches or tears its ligaments but does not dislocate the bones. - 26What is the importance of CT components, blood vessels, and nerves to skeletal muscle?CT provides a pathway for nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels to exit and enter muscles. Three layers of CT also help strengthen skeletal muscle.
- 27What are the 6 major muscle proteinsContractile: Myosin - thick filaments
Actin-thin filament sites to have had attach
Regulatory: Troponin - Calcium bind site
Tropomyosin - Can block actin sites
Structural - titin & dystrophin - 28Sliding FIlament Mechanism- Myosin pulls on actin, causing thin filaments to slide inward
- Consequently, z discs move toward each other & sarcomere shortens
- thanks to structural proteins, there is a transmission of force throughout the entire muscle, resulting in whole muscle contraction - 29Length Tension Relationship- A muscle fiber develops its greatest tension when there is an optimal zone of overlap between thick and thin filaments.
- 30Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)- Voltage-gated calcium channels open resulting in an influx of calcium. THis causes exocytosis of neurotransmitter (NT) into the synaptic cleft. NT binds to ligans-gated Na+ channels on the motor endplate which causes an influx of Na+ into the muscle. This depolarizes it and results in Ca2+ release from the SR.
- NT gets broken down. - 31Reactions through which muscle fibers produce ATP- Creatine Phosphate: (very fast & very short energy) creatine + ATP provide enough energy for muscles to contract maximally for abt 15 seconds.
- Anaerobic Glycolysis: AG provides enough energy for 2 minutes of maximal muscle activity
- Cellular(Aerobic) Respiration: (Slower than AG however yields much more ATP) provides enough ATP for muscles during rest or moderate exercise. - 32Anaerobic Glycolysis vs. Aerobic Respiration- Aerobic Respiration takes place in presence of oxygen while anaerobic respiration takes place in absence of oxygen. Aerobic resp also releases more energy than anaerobic.
- 33Factors that contribute to muscle fatigue1. Inadequate release of Ca2+ from SR
2. Depletion of CP, oxygen, and nutrients
3. Build up of lactic acid and ADP
4. Insufficient release of ACh at NMJ - 34Effects of Aerobic Exercise- AKA running and swimming, cause transformation of FG fibers into fast oxidative-glycotic fibers. The transformed muscle fibers show slight increases in diameter, the number of mitochondria, blood supply, and strength.
- 35Effects of Strength trainingshort periods produce an increase in size and strength of FG fibers. Also causes increase in size.
- 36Motor unite- control skeletal muscles and are the driving force behind every movement you make
- consists of a somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates
- the strength of a contraction depends on how many motor units are activated - 37Twitch ContractionThe brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential
Phases of Twitch Contraction
1. Latent Period
2. Contraction Period
3. Relaxation Period
4. Refractory Period - 38How does the Frequency of Stimulation affect muscle tension, and how muscle tone is produced?- Wave summation occurs when a second action potential triggers muscle contraction before the first contraction has finished (results in stronger contraction)
Unfused Tetanus: produced by repeated stimuli: sustained muscle contraction w partial relaxation between stimuli
Fused Tetanus: produced by rapidly repeating stimuli: sustained muscle contraction w NO partial relaxation. - 39Myograms- The record of a muscle contraction
- 40Motor Unit RecruitmentThe process in which the number of active motor units increases
- Weakest motor units are recruited first followed by stronger motor units
- Motor units contract alternately to sustain contractions for longer periods of time - 41Isotonic vs. Isometric COntractionsIsotonic - tension is constant while muscle length changes
- Concentric = shortening
- Eccentric = lengthening
Isometric - muscle contracts but does not change length - 42Skeletal Muscle FIber Types- Slow oxidative: appear dark red due to myoglobin & blood capillaries, generate ATP through aerobic respiration
- Fast oxidative glycolytic: appear red-pink due to myoglobin & blood capillaries, generate ATP through aerobic respiration.
- Fast glycolytic: appear white due to low myoglobin & blood capillaries, generate ATP through glycolysis - 43Cardiac MuscleCardiac muscle has the same arrangement as skeletal muscle, but also has intercalated discs which contain desmosomes & gap junctions
- found only in the heart
- contracts 10 times longer than skeletal muscle
- depends greatly on aerobic respiration to generate ATP - 44Smooth muscle- Smooth muscle contractions start more slowly and last longer than skeletal and cardiac muscle contractions
- Smooth muscle can shorten and stretch to a greater extent.
- found in the esophagus - 45Regeneration of Muscle TissueMature skeletal muscle fibers cannot undergo mitosis
- hypertrophy: enlargement of existing cells
-hyperplasia: increase in number of fibers
- smooth, cardiac & skeletal muscle can undergo hypertrophy
- some smooth can also undergo hyperplasia
- new smooth muscles can arise from cells called pericytes - 46Where does muscle development come from?Muscle Development comes from embryonic layers
- 47Effects of Aging on Muscle Tissue30 -50 yrs old = 10% of muscle tissue is replaced by fibrous CT& AT
50-80 = another 40% of muscle tissue is replaced
Consequences:
- muscle strength & flexibility decreases
-reflexes slow
- slow oxidative fiber numbers increase - 48How do skeletal muscles produce movement?- Skeletal muscles that produce movement do so by pulling on bones
Stationary Bone = Origin
Movable Bone = insertion - 49Muscle Crossing & Contractions- Most muscles cross at least one joint and are attached at the articulating bones
- When a muscle contracts, it draws one articulating bone toward the other - 50Levers & Fulcrums- Bones serve as levers & joints serve as fulcrums
- The lever is acted on by Resistance (weight) & Effort - 51Types of Levers1. First Class Levers: EFL - Fulcrum is in the middle
2. Second Class Lever: ELF - Load is in the middle
3. Third Class Lever: FEL - Effort is in the middle - 52Effects of Fascicle Arrangement- Arrangement of fasciculi in relation to tendons varies upon
1. the amount of power a muscle can produce
2. the range of motion a muscle can produce - 53Muscle Group Coordination- Agonist/ prime mover
- Antagonist
- Synergist - 54How Skeletal Muscles are NamedNamed based on
- Location
- Size
- Number of origins
- Appearance
- Direction of fibers
- Origin & Insertion
- Muscle action - 55—
Información
- Descripción
- Fichas sobre ANATOMY TEST UNIT 3 , creado por Pierina Tarakinikini el 13/12/2022.
- Creado por
- Pierina Tarakinikini · dic 2022
- Actualizado
- 15 dic 2022
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