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04 Handout 1
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- 1hardware interfaceis an architecture used to interconnect two (2) devices together. It includes the design of the plug and socket, the type, and the number and purpose of the wires and the electrical signals that are passed across them.
- 2De facto standardit is something that is used so widely that it is considered a standard for a given application although it has no official status.
- 3Compositionit is the whole content of an entity of an interface standard.
- 4Electrical componentdeals with voltages, line capacitance, and other electrical issues.
- 5Mechanical componentdeals with items such as the connector or plugs description.
- 6o Functional componentdeals with the function of each pin used in an interface.
- 7o Procedural componentdescribes how the circuits are used to perform an operation.
- 8• Universal Serial Bus (USB)It is a digital interface that uses a standardized connector (plug) for all serial and parallel type devices which provides a digital interface and known for being hot-pluggable. Hot plugging (hot swapping) is the ability to add and remove devices to a computer system while the computer is running and have the
operating system automatically recognize the change. - 9• Fire WireIt is a type of interconnection between peripheral devices (such as wireless modems and high-speed digital video cameras) and a microcomputer. This digital interface that is capable of supporting transfer speeds of up to 3.2 Gbps.
- 10• ThunderboltIt is currently found on Apple laptops and provides a 10-Gbps connection to peripheral devices. It uses the same connector as the already existing Mini DisplayPort and uses an already existing protocol called PO Express.
- 11• LightningIt is an 8-pin connector in which it can be found as the primary connector on the newer versions of Apple's iPhone as well as Apple devices such as the iPad.
- 12• SCSI - SCSI, which stands for Small Computer System Interfaceis a technique for interfacing a computer to high-speed devices such as hard disk It was designed to support devices of a more permanent nature such as high-performance workstations and network servers.
- 13• InfiniBand –This interface is used due to its high-speed connection that is mostly found in networks that require large amounts of peripheral storage. It can carry multiple channels of data at the same time up to 2.5 billion bits (2.5 gigabits) per second (single data rate), 5 gigabits per second (double data rate), and 10 gigabits per second (quad data rate); and it can address (interconnect) thousands of devices using both copper wire and fiber-optic cables.
- 14• Fibre Channelis like InfiniBand in that it too is a serial, high-speed network that connects a computer to multiple input/output devices. Fibre Channel also supports data transfer rates up to billions of bits per second, but it can support the interconnection of up to 126 devices only.
- 15• Asynchronous connection -a single character, or byte of data, is the unit of transfer between the sender and receiver. The sender prepares a data character for transmission, transmits that character with irregular timing, and then begins preparing the next data character for transmission.
- 16• Synchronous connection -the unit of transmission is a sequence of characters. This sequence of characters may be thousands of characters in size with regular timing sent.
- 17• Isochronous connection -a special kind of data link connection used to support various types of real-time applications such as streaming voice, video, and music.
- 18• Bandwidth -refers to the data-carrying capacity of a channel or medium. Higher __ communication channels support higher data rates.
- 19o Hertz -is the range of frequencies contained in a composite signal or the range of frequencies a channel can pass.
- 20𝐵𝑊 = 7000 𝑀ℎ𝑧 − 635 𝑀ℎ𝑧 𝐵𝑊 = 6365 𝑀ℎ𝑧A given signal has frequencies of 635 MHz and 7000Mhz. Determine the bandwidth of the signal
- 21o Bits per Seconds -The term bandwidth can also refer to the number of bits per second that a channel, a link, or even a network can transmit.
- 22𝑻 = 𝒇𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒔 × 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅 (𝒃𝒊𝒕𝒔) 𝑇 =(12000 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠 × 10000 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠)/60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑇 = 2 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠A network with a bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of 12,000 frames per minute with each frame carrying an average of 10,000 bits. What
is the throughput of this network? - 23a.) 𝐵𝑊 = 46 𝑀𝑏 + 10 𝑀𝑏 𝐵𝑊 = 56 𝑀𝑏 b.) 𝑻 = 𝑩𝑾 − 𝒅𝒂𝒕𝒂 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑇 = 56 − 28 𝑇 = 28 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠2. There is a data that has a file size of 46 𝑀𝑏 with an ethernet overhead of 10 𝑀𝑏. Find the following if there is an amount of data loss of 28 𝑀𝑏𝑝𝑠 due to errors and acknowledgments.
a.) Total amount of data to be transferred
b.) Throughput - 24Latency• It is a measure of delay. It measures the time it takes for data to get to its destination across the network.
- 25o Propagation timemeasures the time required for a bit to travel from the source to the destination.
- 26o Transmission timemeasures the time how long a message will pass in channel corresponding with the bandwidth.
- 27o Queuing timemeasures the time needed for each intermediate or end device to hold the message before it can be processed.
- 28o Processing delaymeasures how data is processed through or from links.
- 29𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 12,000 𝑘𝑚 × 1,000/ 2.4 × 108 𝑚/𝑠 = 50 𝑚𝑠 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 2,500 𝑏𝑦𝑡𝑒𝑠 × 8 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠/ 1 × 109 𝑏𝑝𝑠 = 20 𝜇𝑠1. What are the propagation time and the transmission time for a 2.5 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑏𝑦𝑡𝑒 message (an email) if the bandwidth of the network is 1 𝐺𝑏𝑝𝑠? Assume that the distance between the sender and the receiver is 12,000 𝑘𝑚 and that light travels at 2.4 × 108 𝑚/𝑠.
- 30• Bit Rateis the amount of data (number of bits) that can be transmitted per second. Bit rate is closer to bandwidth, but it is often per host or source to destination devices.
- 31• Baud Raterefers to the number of signal elements or symbol changes that occur per second. A symbol is one of several voltage, frequency, or phase changes.
- 32𝑁 = 𝑆 × 𝑟 = 1000 × 4 𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑠 = 4000 𝑏𝑝𝑠1. An analog signal carries 4 bits per signal element. Find the bit rate if 1000 signal elements are sent per second.
- 33r = N/S =8000bps/1000baud =8 L=2^r2. An analog signal has a bit rate of 8000 𝑏𝑝𝑠 and a baud rate of 1000 𝑏𝑎𝑢𝑑. How many data elements are carried by each signal element? How many signal elements do we need?
- 34• In a switched network,data is transferred from source to destination through a series of intermediate switching nodes. Data passes through a subset of the network nodes.
- 35o Circuit switchinginvolves establishing a path from source to destination before the commencement of communication. The path is dedicated to the source-destination pair for the duration of the communication session.
- 36o Packet switchinginvolves organizing data in blocks called packets that are sent in a store-and-forward manner without prior establishment of the communication path. By store-and-forward, we mean that when a node receives a packet, it stores the packet and checks it for errors.
- 37• In a broadcast networka transmission from a source is received by all nodes in the network. A broadcast network ensures that all the nodes in the network see the transmitted data.
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- easy Data and Digital Communications Fichas sobre 04 Handout 1, creado por Eljin Aguilar el 18/10/2024.
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- Eljin Aguilar
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