Bacteria Form And Function Ch 4

Pregunta	Respuesta
These structure s exist in all Bacteria	Cell (cytoplasmic) membrane Bacterial chromosome or nucleoid RIbosomes Cytoplasm
One commonality in the internal structure of bacteria and archaea is...	Neither have membrane-bound organelles
Bacteria cell walls are made up of a chemical called what?	Peptidoglycan
The walls of these particular cells are tough and distinct from bacteria and eukaryotic cells	Archaeal cells
These cells have a nucleus that contain nuclear material	Eukaryotic cells
Name the three external appendages of a bacterial cell	Flagella Pili Fimbriae
Bacteria can form groups called	Colonies Biofilms
Bacterial are capable of carrying out all necessary life activities such as.. (name 3)	Reproduction Metabolism Nutrient processing
A long rotating filament attached to a bacterial cell by a basal body that provides motility.	Flagellum
Stored nutrients inside a bacterial cell, suc h as fat, phosphate, or glycogen deposited in dense crystals or particles that can be tapped into when needed are called..	Inclusion/Granule
A coating or layer of molecules external to the bacterial cell wall. It may also serve as an adhesive and has receptor functions.	Capsule
Pilus	An appendage used for drawing another bacterium close in order to transfer DNA to it, found only on Gram-neg bacteria.
Cell wall	A semisolid casing that provides structural support and shape to the cell
These are fine, hairlike bristles extending from the surface of bacterial cells that assist in adhesion to other cells	Fimbriae
S layer	A monolayer of protein used for protection and/or attachment
Protein coated packets used to localize enzymes and other proteins in the cytoplasm of a bacteria cell	Bacterial microcompartments
Plasmid	Double stranded DNA circle containing extra genes.
A dormant body formed within some bacteria that allows for their survival in adverse conditions	Endospore
What are the three general shapes of bacteria?	Coccus Bacillus Spirillum
What is the average size of a bacterial cell?	1 um
What is th e size of the bacteria Thiomargarita namibiensis?	100-750 um some are large enough to be seen with the naked eye
A Nanobacteria is what size?	0.5 - 0.2 um
Variations in size and shape among cells of a single species is called..	Pleomorphism
Average size of a Mycoplasma?	0.15 - 0.30 um
What is the smallest bacteria to date that can be seen under a light microscope?	Mycoplasma 0.15 - 0.30 um
Groups of four cocci are called	Tetrads
A cubical packet of 8, 16 or more cells of cocci is called....	Sarcina
The arrangement of Streptoccoci	chains of a few to hundreds of cells
What does an arragement of Staphylococci look like?	irregular clusters of spherical shaped cells
Cells that appear as a side-by-side row of cells as a result of being partially attached and folded back are called...	Palisades
What bacterial cells rarely remain attached after cell division?	Spirochetes
What do Diplobacilli look like?	pairs of rod shaped cells with ends attached
These bacterial cells are only occasionally found in short chains	Spirilla
What two external appendages provide motility?	Flagella and axial filaments
These two external components provide attachment points or channels	Fimbriae and pili
Name the three parts of a bacterial flagellum	Filament Hook (sheath) Basal body
A helical structure composed of protein found on a bacterial flagellum	filament
Monotrichous	single flagellum
Lophotrichous	small bunches of tufts
flagella at both poles of the cell	Amphitrichous
flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell	Peritrichous
Chemotaxis	the movement of flagellum in response to chemical signals
Positive chemotaxis	movement of flagellum in response to favorable chemical stimulus
movement of flagellum away from a repellent (potentially harmful) compound.	Negative chemotaxis
Phototaxis	Movement as a result of a light source
Is Phototaxis positive or negative?	Can be either positive or negative moving toward or away
Describe what happens when a bacteria cell runs	The flagella moves counterclockwise. The cell moves in a smooth, linear direction toward a stimulus
What causes a bacteria cell to tumble?	Repellants cause numerous tumbles
What is it called when the flagellum of a bacterial cell reverses direction causing the cell to stop and change course?	Tumble
As a bacterial cell gets closer to it's attractant, what happens to the run and tumble sequence?	the walk becomes "biased" toward more runs and fewer tumbles directing the cell to it's attractant
Axial Filaments	Two or more long coiled threads found in spirochetes that are the cells internal flagellum
Long coiled threads that cause a twisting motion within a spirochete	Axial Filaments
These bristle-like fibers on the surface of some bacteria have a tendency to stick to each other and to surfaces	Fimbriae (sing; Fimbria)
These fibers found on the surface of E.coli, may be responsible for biofilms	Fimbriae
A long rigid tubular structure, can transfer DNA and is only found in gram-negative bacteria	Pili
A pilus is made of a special protein called..	pilin
Pili is used in a mating process between cells called..	Conjugation
What is a slime layer?	Glycocalyx formed loosely around the cell, protects the cells from water/nutrient loss.
What is a capsule?	Glycocalyx that is bound tightly around a cell, denser and thicker than slime layer.
What do capsules protect against?	bacteria from being phagocytized by white blood cells.
Capsules are formed by what type of bacteria?	Pathogenic
Biofilms are layers of bacteria that form on the surfaces of (give 2 examples	Teeth and indwelling catheters
Cell envelope is composed of three parts, what are they?	Cell wall cell membrane outer membrane (in some bacteria)
A Gram-positive cell wall can be described as a...	--Thick cell wall of peptidoglycan --Inner cytoplasmic membrane
A Gram-negative bacteria cell wall can be described as having a	Outer membrane Thin cell wall Inner cytoplasmic membrane
What are the characteristics of a cell wall structure?	--determine the shape of the cell --structural support
Describe on important factor that is necessary to consider in order to identify or treat an infection that was caused by a Gram-neg bacteria?	The outer membrane has an extra barrier that is more difficult to penetrate than Gram-positive bacteria.
___________ or it's parts can interact with human tissues and contribute to disease?	Cell envelope
The lipids of the cell walls of certain ____________ species are harmful to human cells	Mycobacterium
__________are dominant bodies produced by the bacteria of the genera Bacillus, Clostridium and Sporosarcina	Endospores
Depletion of nutrients, especially carbon and nitrogen sources is the stimulus for what?	Endospore formation
Sporangium is a sporulating cell who's transformation into a spore takes how long?	6-8 hours in most species
When does germination of an endospore begin?	When favorable conditions arise such as; in the presence of water and a specific chemical or stimulus
Mycelium	The woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of a mold.
Septa	hyphae divided into segments or cross wall
Hyphae	Hairlike fibers or cells (mold)
what are the two ways in which fungi can reproduce?	Sexually and Asexually
What is the disadvantage of Asexual reproduction for a fungi?	There is no genetic diversity, every cell is a clone of the parent which affects survivability
What is the disadvantage of Sexual reproduction for a fungi?	Just that is requires a partner
What is the advantage of Sexual reproduction for a fungi?	It has genetic diversity so increased chances of survival
What are Saprobes?	A type of fungi that obtains it's substrates from dead plants an animals
What are Heterotrophic fungi?	A type of fungi that acquires it's nutrients from a wide variety of substrates
Parasitic fungi	live on the bodies of plants or animals
A protozoan that is considered a sprozoan is called a/an_____________ and causes the diesease______________	Apicomplexan / Maleria
What mode of locomotion does an apicomplexan use?	it is non-motile
These organisms are usually harmless but a few species are parasitic and responsible for millions of infections in humans per year. What classification are they in?	Protista /Protozoa
Any unicellular or colonial organism that lacks true tissues	Protist
Protozoans are categorized by the way that they	Move/ there methods of locomotion
Name 3 methods of locomotion for a protozoan	Pseudopods ("false feet") Flagella Cilia
Most protozoans have 1 of 3 methods of locomotion but a fourth protozoan called_________uses what method of locomotion?	Apicomplexan (sporozoan) / non-motile
The 2 major taxonomic categories of the kingdom of Protists are....	Subkingdoms; Protozoa and Algae

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