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- 1What are the two skills that writing calls on according to Peter Elbow?Creating: inventive fecundity
and Criticizing: critical-mindedness - 2According to Peter Elbow what should the writing process look like?You should separate the writing process into two stages, first be loose and accepting and then be critically tough minded. Split your time in half between the two.
- 3What does Peter Elbow think about creative writing and 'the other kind'?The practices used in writing are not mutually exclusive. You should exploit both intuition and conscious control whatever kind of writing you're doing.
- 4What are the benefits of freewriting according to Elbow?1. It helps with the root psychological difficulty of putting words on paper.
2. It is practice in suspending judgment.
3. Helps you think of things to write
4. Helps you overcome (but not kill) resistance - 5What are the benefits of sharing according to Elbow?1. It helps overcome the fear of 'putting out' or giving too much
2. Practice for giving feedback
3. Learning the power of your words to affect someone - 6What is the direct writing process according to Elbow?You should divide your total time, half for raw writing, half for revising. You should think about audience but don't let it impede raw writing. You should write down everything as quickly as you can first and then move to revision no matter what.
- 7What is the Dangerous Method to Elbow?The dangerous method is trying to get your writing right the first time. It can work well if you have it all cooked in your mind but it puts more pressure on you and depends on everything running smoothly. Makes you go slower and leads to overintricacy.
- 8What is Elbow's open ended writing process?The open ended writing process is a way to bring forth an unknown piece of writing and invites chaos. Consists of bouts of freewriting that leads to more freewriting and identifying common themes from these bouts of open writing.
- 9What is Elbow's Loop writing process?Useful in bringing life to a set topic. The voyage out: Freewriting exercises that allow you to lose sight of the task a bit
The voyage home: revising and drawing ideas out of your raw freewriting. Goes back to the task - 10What freewriting exercises are part of the voyage out in Elbow's loop process?The voyage out can consist of any combination of
First Thoughts, Prejudices, Instant Version (with no research yet), Dialogues (between voices), Narrative Thinking (story of your thinking), Stories, Scenes, Portraits, Vary the audience, Vary the writer, vary the time, Errors, lies - 11What are Elbow's Metaphors for 'Priming the Pump' for?Like odd-angled questions, these questions help you see around your own impediments and look at things in a new light.
- 12What does Elbow mean by not making a big deal out of poetry?He suggests having games and rules that free you up to generate words you didn't plan on, that come from a part of you not easily accessible (starting each line with I wish). Like freewriting
- 13What are Elbow's revising methods?Thorough revising (needs time, finding main point, making drafts, etc.)
Revising with Feedback (helps cut through abstractness)
Cut and Paste Revising & Collage (Choose what is alive, tell story without explaining)
Getting rid of grammar mistakes (last)
Nausea (don't make rash decisions) - 14What are Elbow's Safe Audiences?A safe audience: opens you out to think of more ideas and feelings, but it might make you feel things inside you'd rather not feel.
A safe Nonaudience: when you write for no one at all the words often come pouring out and you find new voices. - 15What are Elbow's Dangerous Audiences?Dangerous Audience: Can make you so anxious you can't write, or make you adopt a voice devoid of power.
Dangerous nonaudience: When you feel no one cares what you think you can drift into dull muteness. - 16What are Elbow's thoughts on writing for other people?We should use safe audiences as much as we can and as long as it helps but we should move to a place where we don't need it in order to speak or write well. We need to speak truth no matter the audience. Audience should serve as a focus, not driving force.
- 17What are elbow's tricky types of audiences?1. Persuasion (we should decide what stake both parties have in the issue, be right, and understand their worldview)
2. Compulsory (decide if its really compulsory and if it is, just consent wholeheartedly)
3. Uninvited (don't wait for invitations but also try to find that audience for yourself) - 18What does Elbow think about bad writing?He does not mind bad writing because he believes it can lead to real voice instead of just acceptable voice that happens because you push away feelings and are afraid of taking the plunge.
- 19What is real voice to Elbow?Real voice is writing that has resonance and makes the words bore through
- 20What is the writer's job according to Elbow?If we want the reader to breathe life into the words and have a powerful experience then we have to breathe experience into the writing. The distinction is between trying to find your subject and trying to find the right words.
- 21Explain Elbow's views on magic in writing.You need to learn to churn out words whether or not you feel in tune with what you're writing. Sometimes you can't get to it without bad writing. SO you have to believe in magic but learn to do without it.
- 22What book did Peter Elbow write?Writing with Power
- 23Which book did Kelly Gallagher write?Teaching Adolescent Writers
- 24What is the significance Gallagher's stampede metaphor?If you don't want to be crushed by the oncoming (Literacy) stampede, you have to elevate your reading and writing abilities and run with it.
- 25What are Gallagher's 10 writing wrongs in secondary school?1. Student's aren't writing enough.
2. Writing is assigned rather than taught.
3. Below grade level writers are asked to write less instead of more.
4. ELL students are shortchanged
5. Grammar instruction is ignored
6. Students aren't given timed writing practice.
7. Some teachers (other disciplines) have no knowledge of state writing standards.
8. Writing topics are mandated with no thought to interest & prior knowledge
9. Teachers are doing too much of the work, students too little.
10. Teachers need help assessing student writings. - 26How do you fix Gallagher's writing wrongs in secondary school?Students need:
More writing practice,
Teachers who model good writing,
Opportunity to read and study writers,
Choice in writing,
Authentic purposes and audiences,
Meaningful feedback from teacher & peers - 27What are Gallagher's writing reasons?1. Writing is hard and hard is rewarding.
2. Writing helps you sort things out. (personally)
3. Writing helps to persuade others.
4. Writing helps fight oppression.
5. Writing makes you a better reader.
6. Writing makes you smarter.
7. Writing helps you get into and through college.
8. It prepares you for the world of work. - 28What does Ghallager say writers need to do before they can write well?Write a lot of in class writing activities
- 29What do daily wiring activities do according to Gallagher?1. Draw on relevant knowledge as preparation for new activities.
2. Consolidate and review ideas
3. Reformulate and extend knowledge
4. Elbow's looping
5. - 30What are Gallagher's ABCDs of on demand writing>?Attack the prompt
Brainstorm Possible Answers
Choose the order of your response
Detect errors before turning it in - 31Why should we model?Because students need to see adults successfully struggle through the writing process. Their anxiety will be reduced when they see more experienced writers struggle. Bad writing is necessary before good writing (good ideas) come.
- 32What is Gallagher's Grecian Urn approach?The idea that if you show students a Grecian urn it will be enough to inspire them to approach Grecian urns of their own. It does not work. The value is in the process taken to construct it.
- 33What's Gallagher's 4:1 grading philosophy?Have students write four times more than you can assess. There is value to writing that is not graded, it's part of the process.
- 34What does Gallagher talk about in revision?There is surface vs Deep revision. Surface things involve synonyms, sentence branching,etc.
Deep is changing content, question floods, reorganization etc. - 35What kind of Coupling does Gallagher talk about?The coupling of extensive reading with hands on writing instruction that generates effective adolescent writers.
- 36How does Gallagher use modeling?She uses restaraunt and movie reviews to show students how professional writers use various 'hooks' to start their reviews. (Starting with summary, question, humor, straight thesis, sarcasm, etc.)
- 37What does Gallagher say about the benefit of choice in writing?Choice fosters feelings of ownership, and it drives better revision
- 38What are Gallagher's two guiding principles of a writing classroom?1. Sometimes we have to take a step backward before we can move forward.
2. Teachers can work students into the required discourses slowly by designing writing assignments that allow for partial student choice. - 39Name and describe one of Gallagher's warm up writing assignments to ease students into writing that you liked.Find the fib: they write four truths and a fib about their lives and try to fool classmates. Afterwards they pick one truth to write the story of. Funneling is also good.
- 40What's one strategy for showing students the importance of audience?Showing them one story (like the Dick Cheney Shooting Incident) written by different sources for different audiences and purposes.
- 41What does Ghallager say about purpose in writing?We need to know the reason we're writing. You can 'cube' a topic to figure out what the purpose is. (Describe it, compare it, associate it, analyze it, apply it, argue for or against it)
- 42What are some of Ghallager's strategies for having authentic audiences in and out of the classroom? Name your favorites.In the classrom: Bloodlines- favorite family stories. Students read last year's work and add to the anthology.
Outside: Letters to public officials on issues the students care about, campus displays, public readings, etc. - 43What are Ghallager's thoughts on assessing?We should adopt the stance of a reader, not a grader, highlight summary vs commentary, read for golden lines.
- 44What are Gallagher's ten tenets for editing skills?1. Determine editing needs as they arise.
2. Teach less to whole class- more conference
3. Make, don't use, grammar books
4. Keep focus narrow.
5. Teach big 8 ?
6. Don't drown paper in corrections
7. Whole class peer editing doesnt work
8. Students track spelling demons
9. Discussion is better than marking
10. I am not superman - 45What are some commandments of assessing good writers?Don't focus just on editing, develop craft. Don't wait until the end of the process to give feedback. Students should have voice in developing rubrics.
- 46According to Blanton, where did Bilingual education begin in Texas?It began with the Spanish Missionaries as an attempt to teach indigenous people christianity and culturally consolidate the country. This involved first learning indigenous languages.
- 47Blanton What was the Institute for Modern Languages?In the 1830s Anglo Texas Stephen Austin (deputy of state legislature) proposed this school to 'mexicanize' anglo children by teaching spanish along with english and also french. He wasn't ultimately successful because of lack of decision from Mexican Gov.
- 48Blanton When did Texas finally choose bilingualism?In the Reconstruction School law of 1871, just after civil war, didn't name English as principal language but De Gress (superintendent) said other languages (Spanish, German, etc) could be taught for two hours a day. Abolished in 1876 by democrats.
- 49What are Blanton's important ideas about early laws in Texas regarding language in the classroom?1. nineteenth century of bilingual education in TX was legally obscure.
2. Lack of legal concern for non-english made bilingual ed informal.
3. Bilingual ed was seen as beneficial in drawing kids into the dominant society. - 50Blanton- What did bilingual ed look like in TX from 1850-1900.There were a lot of bilingual schools for Tejanos, Germans, and Czechs, but it was informal and muddled because of the lack of trained, professional teachers and administrators. Also, these sub groups were not working together at all.
- 51Blanton- What happened between 1884-1905?Bilingual traditions in classrooms began to decline due to the growth of Progressive Education and a shift in the concept of Americanization.
- 52Blanton- How did Progressivism negatively affect bilingual ed?Progressives wanted to move away from provincial agrarian values to modernity. This led to cumpulsory attendance, teacher standards, district system, etc. that indirectly took autonomy away from local ethnic communities and also supported english-only pronouncements.
- 53Blanton- how did the community vs district system tie in to segregation around 1900?Advocates for community schools argued that it helped segregate ethnic minorities from white children, but advocates for the district system said it would do the same, and be enforced by the government.
- 54When did English-Only arrive in Texas as a fully enforceable mandate?In 1918 in the heyday of Nativism centered against German Americans and Mexican Americans caused by WWI and social disruptions of the us-Mexico border influenced by the Mexican Revolution.
- 55Blanton- What and when was the Americanization movement?In the early 20th century a fear of 'new' immigrants and their ability to assimilate led to this movement. First it was just an idea but then it became a more formal process of shedding 'foreign-ness' through American institutions like churches, workplaces, and public schools.
- 56What are the two types of Americanization?1. Additive- Nurturing child's culture even just as a bridge to English. Adding to it. Dewey. 19th century.
2. Subtractive- Nativist, total erasure of native culture which was taught as dangerous to democracy and punishable. 20th Century. - 57What superintendent supported Americanism? What was it like for Mexicans at this time?Annie Webb Blanton. Texas continued this wave of thought even when the country moved away from it after the war in the 1920s, focusing mainly on Mexican Immigrants. Euro immigrants were more able to advance after this but Mexicans were very racialized with blacks and subject to harsh Americanism tactics.
- 58What has blanton taught you about the decline of bilingual ed in Texas?In the 1920s it was due to nativism, racism, and Americanization, severely impacted Mexican children, and was a way to give them a sub standard education separate from whites so that they were more likely to remain laborers. Subtractive and dehumanizing. It lasted until the 1960s.
- 59What two things caused English-Only education to become the preferred way of teaching?1. The legitimate academic belief that translation was a hindrance to the learning of a new language.
2. A fundamental misunderstanding of the way children acquire language.
This, of course, was an ideological and racist subterfuge used to segregate Mexican children on the basis of different curriculum needs. - 60What happened in the 1930s and 40s with regard to Bilingual Education?The Good Neighbor policy sought to foster better relations with Latin America and thus tried to place more emphasis on student's cultural backrounds but did not go far enough to eliminate English-only.
- 61What did English Only Education look like?Focused after WW1 almost exclusively on Tejanos, punished children for speaking spanish, focused on phonics, labeled many children as mentally slow, high drop out rates.
- 62What two unrelated factors caused the decline of English Only and when?In the 1950s and 60s
1) Successful challenges to educational segregation by Mexican American Generation.
2) evolution of language theory (how children differ from adults in learning) and reevaluation of bilingualism's link to mental retardation. - 63What signaled the return of Bilingual Education?The 1968 Bilingual Education Act signed by Lyndon B. Johnson
- 64What did we see in the 1970sOlder, established Mexican American Generation Leaders came to support bilingual ed with the help of the younger, more militant Chicano Generation.
- 65What's going on in Bilingual Ed now?Many sates including California (Prop 227) have adopted English-Only declarations of principle.
- 66What purpose does Bilingual Ed serve according to Blanton?It is not a magical sword to cut through the shackles of past wrongs, but a pedagogical tool to bring the school to the child positively instead of forcing the child to the school negatively. It recognizes home culture and enhances opportunities to learn English.
- 67What book did Cope write?Multiliteracies- Literacy learning and the design of social futures
- 68Where and why did the authors of this book meet?They met in New London, New Hampshire to talk about what to do in literacy pedagogy in a changing world with new demands in the workplace to better help students achieve their aspirations.
- 69What does Multiliteracies mean?It describes two arguments with the emerging cultural order. 1) engages with the multiplicity of communications channels and media (multimodality)
2) engages with increasing salience of cultural and linguistic diversity. - 70What's the difference between a pedagogy mere literacy and multiliteracies?Mere literacy refers to a singular national form of language (speech), more authoritarian.
Multiliteracies focuses on more than language, differs according to culture and context, language and other modes of meaning are remade by users to achieve cultural purposes. Meaning is multimodal. - 71What is the new name of the game in Teaching English?Being able to cross linguistic boundaries. Its not enough to learn one version of language. Global economic integration has at once made language a world language (lingua mundi), and also highly differentiated in subcultures and communities.
- 72What does design have to do with Multiliteracies?We are both the inheritors of patterns and conventions and also the active designers of meaning, designers of social futures where students are active participants in social change.
- 73What two things is Cope's book attempting to do?1) Provide theoretical overview of current social context of learning- to be a basis for open ended dialogue and experimentation.
2) To Discuss initial attempts to put multiliteracy curriculum into practice. - 74What is the role of literacy pedagogy?To ensure all students benefit from education in ways that allow them to participate fully in public, community, and economic life. Social participation.
- 75What is PostFordism?A new capitalism where vertical, traditional structures of command are being replaced by relationships of pedagogy: mentoring, training and learning where workers are multiskilled and flexible. Flattened hierarchy. Comes with new language: multimodal and hybrid forms
- 76What are the twin goals in multiliteracy?Access (to new forms of work through the language of work)
and Critical Engagement (we're not just making docile workers- not letting education become market driven) - 77What does multiliteracy need to adress in terms of lifeworlds?Blurred lines between the spaces of people's identities: Working lives, Public Lives, and Personal Lives
- 78What does Available Design entail according to Cope?The 'grammars' of systems, orders of discourse (conventions), style, dialect, voice, etc.
- 79What does Designing entail according to Cope?The process of recontextualization. Transforms knowledge by producing new constructions and representations of reality.
- 80What does the Redesigned entail according to Cope?These are the new meanings that come out of designing, they in turn become the new available designs.
- 81What is situated practice?Relates to the HOW of multiliteracies- suggests students need to be engaged in authentic versions of practice. Needs to be modeled by authentic experts or expert novices, real world application.
- 82What is overt instruction?Relates to the HOW. Introducing explicit languages and conventions, interpreting design elements.
- 83What is Critical Framing?Relates to the HOW.
Interpreting the social and cultural context of designs of meaning. Students need to stand back and view it critically. - 84What is Transformed Practice?Relates to the HOW. Transfer in meaning making practice which puts the transformed meaning into other contexts.
- 85What book did John Dewey write?Experience & Education
- 86What does John Dewey say about Traditional vs Progressive educationThere are inherent flaws with viewing education as the transmission of static materials, we need to account for change. But we don't need to throw traditional teaching out the window either. We need to see knowledge of the past as a MEANS not an END.
- 87What does Dewey say about experience?We know students need to (and totally do) have experiences in the classroom, but what matters is the quality of those experiences to prompt further experiences and critical thinking and transfer. (Hands on vs Minds on, etc.) He says we need a theory of experience to teach well progressively.
- 88What does Dewey say about the criteria for experiences?It has to do with continuity and interaction.
1. Every experience takes up something from those that have gone before but we as educators have to shape what DIRECTION they go in.
2. It is our responsibility to account for both objective (controlled) and internal (environmental) conditions. These are situations.
So: we need to design continuity of one good situation to the next. - 89What does Dewey say about social control?When education is thought of as experience and a social process the teacher loses the position of external boss or dictator, but takes on that of leader in group activities. Guiding but also participant.
- 90What does Dewey say about freedom?You need freedom in a class to really get to know your students and to practice skills needed in life, total silence doesn't do this. However, freedom is a means not an end. Useful in its ability to prompt power in judgment.
- 91What does Dewey say about purpose?The student has to have a say in their education. Forming purpose involves 1) observing something, 2) knowing its past context, 3) judgment to put together what is observed and what is recalled to signify its purpose. Teachers need to see that purpose is taken advantage of.
- 92What does Dewey say about progressive organization of subject matter?Organization is necessary but it should 1) grow out of the experiences being had in the present with regard to students situations, and 2) it should arouse in the students an active quest to seek new knowledge and produce new ideas.
- 93What does Freire think the key to liberation is?Awakening of critical awareness in the thinking process of the oppressed: a partnership between student and teacher, humanizing through dialogue.
- 94What does Freire call traditional education?'Banking education' where the teacher is an oppressor depositing information into a passive, empty receptacle. He describes education as suffering from 'narration sickness'
- 95What are four oppressive techniques according to Freire?Antidialogicity: conquest, division, manipulation, and cultural invasion. (the oppressed as objects, preventing unity through dialogue, etc.)
- 96What are four revolutionary pro-dialogue techniques according to Freire?Dialogicity: cooperation, unity for liberation, organization, and cultural synthesis (not from messianic leader, but collaboration)
- 97What is Praxis?The combination of free thought and action, the combination of knowledgeable reflection and action upon the world that is implicit in clear thought.
- 98What is Freire's alternative to the banking education problem?The problem posing method in which teachers and students learn from each other, it is cognitive not dichotomized, and the teacher constantly revises based on joint learning.
- 99How is authentic education organized according to Freire?Not A for B, or A about B, but A WITH B. The teacher re-presents things to students that they wish to know more about.
- 100What does Friere say about words?The oppressed need to create their own words, not reproduce those of the oppressor. The oppressor may call them responsible for their situation failing to see the systemic nature of oppression, therefore the oppressed must come to know themselves and create their own change.
- 101What does Freire say about dialogue?We re-create ourselves though dialogue. But to do this in a community you need to integrate yourself into the lives of the people there. Topics for learning can be found in their situation, and the teacher moves it from particular to general in a 'problem oriented' way.
- 102What are some key thoughts on Freire?He wants the oppressed to inform themselves, not be informed. He proposed educational opportunities come from daily experiences, not artificial. We should problematize our lives to come up with solutions outside the status quo, critical thinking toward liberation.
- 103What does Appleman talk about?In Critical Encounters in High School English, she talks about the importance of teaching critical literary theory in secondary school. Then she goes into four of those theories, Reader Response, Feminism, Marxism, and Deconstruction.
- 104Why do critical theory in high school?It helps us recognize the essential quality of other visions, how they shape the way we read texts. It makes the invisible visible, the unsaid said. Think of the driving glasses that highlight red and green- puts into sharp relief what you can't afford NOT to see.
- 105How should we teach reader response theory?1. Explicitly (we should pull back the curtain on what students are doing, analyze what's yours and what's the texts)
2. As ONE way of reading a text, not the only way. (No the text should not be a temple, but there should be other analysis going on-not simply what it means to the student but to others, to society, etc.) - 106Why teach Marxist theory?Evolving literary canon and increasing diversity of students. Considers power, oppression, and ideologies in which we participate (willingly or unwittingly). Thinks about how texts and audiences are constructed in relation to power.
- 107What are some challenges of teaching Marxist theory?It can be difficult to resist prevailing ideologies we participate in, it can be uncomfortable to analyze our own social status. Some people confuse it for communist indoctrinization. But this discomfort is necessary in growth.
- 108Why teach feminist theory?It can transform how students view female characters and the author's stance towards them, how they evaluate the significance of the gender of the author, how they interpret whole texts through a feminist lens, and how they read the gendered patterns of the world (Transfer- Reading the World)
- 109Why teach Deconstruction?It helps us unravel the constructs that surround us and re-examine the relationships between appearance and reality. Not to destroy a text but reveal how it unravels itself in self-contradiction (what the author thought was hidden but isn't). We need to reconsider which artifacts can and should be read.
- 110What are some challenges of deconstruction?It can feel very cynical. It feels like everything is a lie and every author's intention is inherently flawed and breaks down to nothing after all. This might be true, but the implications of it are frightening to students.
- 111But why still teach deconstruction despite the challenges?It teaches students to resist surface meaning and to read ideology- you need this to be autonomous adults, evaluate cultural norms and expectations so as not to succumb to them.
- 112What does teaching theory in secondary school do for teachers?It transforms their role. The magic in teaching is now in the STUDENT's ability to interpret and construct meaning, not the teacher. It changes the curriculum too, to be constructivist and student driven.
- 113What does Vygotsky believe generally?Thought and speech are interconnected and the key to human consciousness. We are social beings first and then become individuals through self mastery, but individualism is a result of sign mediation, contact with environment, etc.
- 114How do children develop according to Vygotsky?They move from interpsychological to intrapsychological, first interacting with people and communities, and then transferring those experiences to their internal selves.
- 115What did Vygotsky think about language?'The meaningful word is a microcosm of human consciousness:' speech is tied to consciousness and language acquisition is indicative of the process we go through to become conscious internalized beings.
- 116What do Kope and Kalantis say about distributed systems?It has to do with flattened heierarchies and the idea of intelligence as the context-sensitive manipulation of patterns. Small units act in flexible, transferable, combinations.
- 117What is the new capitalism?There is no center, just parts that work in a system together. Bosses no longer boss but facilitate. Students need ever changing- rearrangable skills.
- 118What are two key developments in contemporary societies does Multiliteracy focus on?1. Cultural Hybridity- increasing interaction across cultural and linguistic values.
2. Multimodality- increasing salience of multiple modes of meaning (visual, auditory, etc.)
Negotiating differences is something literacy pedagogy has to teach. - 119Talk about the contact zone and safe houses.The contact zone was described by Pratt as a place where the classroom discussed intersections of multiple cultural histories, but to do so they had to make the space a safe house- an intellectual space wehre groups constitute themselves as horizontal, sovereign communites of trust safe from legacies of oppression.
- 120What are four multiliteracy practices?1. Situated Practice- Student Brings favorite songs to school, relates to own life experience.
2. Overt Instruction- Teacher provides song to look at lyrics and analyze poetic devices
3. Critical Analysis- Students analyze why they like certain music, compare reviews from different publications, what does this say about listeners?
4. Transformed Practice- students write a song and perform it, write music reviews, etc. - 121—
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- Fichas sobre MAT Exam Flashcards, creado por Rebecca Guerrero el 04/08/2016.
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