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- 1Describe and evaluate LOPCraik and lockheart developed the theory of levels of processing (L.O.P) and it was supported by the study of Craik and Tulving.
- 2Two types of RehearsalThe theory proposed that here are two types of rehearsal – maintenance rehearsal, which is when we rehearse information to remember it for a short period of time, but is unlikely to result in strong memory. An example of this would be trying to remember a phone number until we put it in our phone book. The other type of rehearsal is elaborative which refers to deep consideration of the information, often giving it meaning. An example of this would be when people revise for an exam or test.
- 3Three levels of processingthree levels of processing: structural – this is what the information or word looks like, for example is it in capital letters; phonetic, refers to what the information or word sounds like, for example does fog rhyme with dog, and finally semantic, which refers to the processing of the information through association, for example is Great Britain the name of a country.
- 4Craik and Tulving concluded from their study that...semantic processing is the deepest level of processing and therefore has the highest level of recall.
- 5AO2 - practical applicationThe theory has real life application, for example it can enhance revision by ensuring that we process information semantically such as giving definitions to all key words or facts. Therefore this information will processed deeply and will have high levels of recall.
- 6AO2 - study to supportThere is also a study to support this theory, as craik and Tulving tested participants’ ability to recall words that had all been processed on different levels. They concluded that the words that were deeply processed had the highest level of recall. For example, 96% of all semantic words were recalled correctly, 65% of all phonetic words were recalled correctly, and 23% of all structural words were recalled correctly. This therefore supports the theory as semantically processed words have the highest level of recall.
- 7AO2 - two weaknesses of the studyHowever this study lacked population validity as they only asked 20 students. This sample size is not representative of everyone as it is too small, and they would all have been similar ages. For example some people may have recalled phonetic of structural words better, but the sample was not large enough to represent a majority.
The study also lacked ecological validity as it was conducted in a lab, and not in the students’ natural habitat. Therefore they may have acted differently, because they would have been uncomfortable. For example they may feel under pressure and therefore not be able to recall any words particularly well. - 8AO2 - study was reliableOn the other hand, the study had reliability as it was extremely well controlled, due to the fact it was in a lab and all extraneous variable would have been well controlled. For example, the noise around the students would have been managed, where as if it had taken place at a school they might have been influenced by outside noise.
- 9AO2 - alternative theoryThere is an alternative theory to levels of processing, which is the multi store model. The multi store model theory suggests that we have three memory stores and information is passed through them through rehearsal. Each memory store can hold a certain amount of items for a certain period of time before it is recalled. For example the short term memory can hold items for 18-30 seconds. The Peterson and Peterson case study supports this as he tested students’ ability to remember information and the delay between the information given to the students. There results showed that as the delay between hearing he information and recalling it increased, the ability to recall decreased. This therefore supports that information can only be held in the short term memory for a certain amount of time
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