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Block 4 - Security & vulnerability
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- 1‘structural violence’occurring when inequality becomes harmful. An example would be ‘if people are starving when this is objectively avoidable, then violence is committed’ (Galtung).
- 2types of intergroup inequalitieseconomic (less access to jobs, food or other assets as a result of ownership and control); political (less access to power and control plus fewer political opportunity structures); social (discrimination in state services such as education, housing or welfare); cultural (failures in the recognition of standing based on religion, language
and custom). (Stewart, 2010) - 3Categories constituting ‘human security’According to the UN Development Programme’s 1994 Human Development Report - personal; environmental; political; economic; health; community
- 4Failed state‘can no longer perform its basic security, and development functions and … has no effective control over its territory and borders’ (according to London School of Economics (LSE) Crisis States Research Centre)
- 5Fragile stateCollapsed states; states in conflict or recovering from conflict ; States where governments are strong but are not committed to poverty reduction; Gradually improving states (with occasional setbacks); States where development has stopped or is in decline (according to UK Department for International Development (DfID))
- 6security dilemmaone state’s accumulation of greater military power, even if done with defensive intent, will be interpreted by others as potentially offensive, creating a threat to their security, and they will respond in kind. The result is a constant tendency in the international system towards a ‘vicious cycle of security and power accumulation’ (Herz, 1950)
- 7limited warwar is seen as an instrument of political action, used by the leaders of states to attain identified goals, whether that be taking territory, reducing an enemy’s military power, or some other specific strategic, political, economic or cultural goal (Mann, 1987).
- 8total warunlimited in its goals – the aim was the complete destruction of the opponent.
- 9nuclear warfarerationalized in terms of deterrence – the strategy that one state’s possession of such weapons would deter another from using them, for fear of retaliation and destruction
- 10development in reversecivil war reduces growth by around 2.3 per cent per year. War creates refugees and increased incidence of disease, both of which continue after wars have come to an end and typically affect neighbouring countries as well. War also creates the conditions for, or even is organized around, increased crime (Collier, 2007, p. 27–8).
- 11War as a driver of social transformationthe emergence of modern states in Europe was a profound developmental moment in modern history, laying the foundations from which the material and social transformations associated with the rise of capitalism could occur. Crucially, this change was in part driven by warfare
- 12Features of the modern stateTerritoriality; Control of the means of violence; An impersonal structure of power; The centralization and unification of administration, systems of taxation and fiscal organization; New modes of law making and enforcement (Held, 1992)
- 13Capable statean essential element is the ability to regulate organized violence within its borders by creating a legitimate form of government
- 14Roles of the stateregulative role in creating ‘rules of the political game’ and a
distributional role in deciding ‘who gets what, when and how’ - 15Political powerthe ability to get your favoured outcomes in whatever area of politics is under consideration
- 16social contract theoryan approach known which aims to analyse politics as a contract between rulers and the ruled, between states and citizens, according to which the latter renounce some (or most) of their freedoms in exchange for security
- 17Legitimacygovernments are formed and state power exercised according to the
established rules of that society; the rules of society about government and the state are justifiable in terms of the values of that society; there is evidence of explicit consent to government and state power, typically, though not necessarily, through some form of voting. (Beetham, 1992) - 18principle of sovereigntya state and its government have supreme authority over their territory
- 19Conditions for humanitarian interventionCertain conditions must be met – most commonly some agreement is reached by the warring parties that can include a request to the UN to monitor a ceasefire, peace agreement, demobilization of the fighters, and subsequent elections, as well as to provide humanitarian and reconstruction assistance
- 20Chapter VII of the UN Charterused to approve military actions as part of peacekeeping
- 21Humanitarian aid‘assistance designed to save lives, alleviate suffering
and maintain and protect human dignity during and in the aftermath of emergencies’ (OECD, 2010a). - 22complex emergency‘a multifaceted humanitarian crisis … where there is total or considerable breakdown of authority resulting from internal or external conflict and which requires an international response that goes beyond the mandate or capacity of any single agency and/or the ongoing UN country program’ (UN, 2003, p. 6).
- 23coercive peacekeeping/ peacekeeping +a right to intervene in conflicts claimed by states such as the USA
- 24responsibility to protectexamines the issues from the viewpoint of those needing support. It becomes a shared responsibility of a state for its own citizens and of outside interveners (from International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS))
- 25Nightingale’s risk’the risk that humanitarian action is co-opted and actually assists a warring party or promotes war (Slim, 2001)
- 26Negative freedomrefers to the absence of obstacles, interference or coercion (Berlin, 1969)
- 27Positive freedomabout the possibility of acting in the world (Berlin, 1969)
- 28Subordinationrefers to the exchange in which the sovereign state limits the
citizens’ liberty to act in return for protection against fear - 29three characteristics of protectionsubordination, benevolence and
masculinity (Young, 2003) - 30BenevolenceThe state does not need to exert violence or coercion, but responds to our desire for protection.
- 31MasculinityProtection is imagined on the model of the household, in which ‘good’ men protect and provide for the household members
- 32security–development nexusa tension between human security and human development rather
than simply an extension or reinforcement of one by the other - 33understandings of human beings implied by the category of human securityIndividuals as citizens; as persons; as members of a transcendent human community with common global concerns’
- 34food (in)securityfocused on shortages in some products as part of a wider mix of dietary needs or possibly the effects of food price hikes in commodities such as meat or grain. In some developing societies, it may be essential food stuffs that are frequently in short supply, such as rice or corn, perhaps as a result of excessive exports to developed societies, causing personal suffering, economic dislocation and political conflict
- 35risk societywhile the risks and hazards generated by technological
knowledge, that is, development, can be anticipated, they present problems that cannot be easily addressed and for which technical solutions on their own are likely to be inadequate (Ulrich Beck, 1992) - 36Vulnerabilitysusceptibility to injury and harm (physical and psychological), possibly even attack or wounding; openness to censure and criticism (assailable), implies some need for protection (being precarious, off-guard or exposed) and involves in some cases anticipation
- 37Vagariesunexpected or inexplicable changes in situations (such as vagaries of the markets or climate) or behaviour, possibly including erratic wild, capricious or unusual forms of agency such as mass migration, mass protest and economic depressions.
- 38Vicissitudesa hardship or difficulty associated with changeable conditions or characteristics; social and/or natural changes that can be favourable (fortune) or unfavourable (even neutral such as fluctuation and succession)
- 39Global risks‘environmental crises, global financial risks and terrorist threats’ (Beck, 2009)
- 40FearThe feeling of anxiety or apprehension that something may be dangerous or harmful, or that the unknown consequences of change may be harmful.
- 41Securitya practice or a process through which people, governments and institutions attempt to reduce or eradicate fear, and make it manageable
- 42Roosevelt’s ‘Four Freedoms’freedom of speech and expression; freedom of every person to worship God in his own way; freedom from want; freedom from fear
- 43United Nationsestablished in 1945 in the hope that it might be possible to prevent wars
- 44Beveridge’s five ‘giant evils’want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness
- 45‘Greed versus Grievance’ debatewars are largely driven by leaders, often acting out of greed for money or power, and who may keep a war going unnecessarily or be complicit in its continuation because of their profits; or civil wars start when at least one group sees no other alternative, and their solution, therefore, often lies in providing one - the grievance is usually about resources, power relations or defending and asserting an identity, with a group starting a war because they feel they are disadvantaged and can do nothing else to redress the situation (Collier et al)
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- TD223 Fichas sobre Block 4 - Security & vulnerability, creado por Iain Graham el 23/05/2013.
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- Iain Graham
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