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Attitudes Towards Language
Fichas del conjunto (47)
- 1Oppositional ReadingOpposing view to the writer
- 2Preferred ReadingThe way the writer would want the text to be viewed
- 3Negotiated ViewAn on-the-fence view of the text
- 4Neville GwynneWe can only think in language, therefore, bad grammar means we are expressing something we don't mean, resulting in bad decisions, which leads to unhappiness
- 5Universality PositionAll humans share a common view of the world (conceptual primes) - reflectivist
- 6Morpheme Realisation'racism', 'racist' etc
- 7History of Political Correctness; Frankfurt, Fromm, CTThe Frankfurt School - school of neo-marxist thinkers established
Fromm - first thinker that believed there was no difference between genders, but their differences were defined by their roles in society
Critical Theory - the foundation of Political Correctness - 8David Crystal - Swimming Against The TideChange is like the sea; prescriptivism is going against it
- 9Puttenham - 17th Century PrescriptivismUsual speech of the court was to be the selection for Standard English
- 10Jean Aitchison - Crumbling Castle optimumThis metaphor implies that English once reached an optimum. Yet this cannot be as not such date has been found
- 11Jean Aitchison - A Web of WorriesPrescriptivists have a 'web of worry' about language change, which is formed from being 'entangled' in opinions that aren't true
- 12Jean Aitchison - Damp Spoon Metaphor; informal, suitNeither informal or formal speech is superior; they are both just intrinsically different
We fit speech to suit the situation - 13Jessee Sheidlower Said That...'Descriptivist advice is an oxymoron'
- 14Frank Palmer Said That...'What is correct and what is not correct is only a matter of what is accepted by society'
- 15The Problem of Prescriptivism and LatinPrescriptivism is formed from Latin, therefore some rules today do not make sense or translate into English, such as split infinitives
- 16Jean Aitchison - The Damp Spoon Metaphor (2); lazinessThis is the belief that English language has changed due to laziness. However, Aitchison says that no language is lazy other than drunken language, and English has certainly not changed because of this
- 17Jean Aitchison - Infectious Disease MetaphorChanges in Language are not random, because people pick up changes that they want
- 18John Humphry's Prescriptivism; superfluous, pretention-Humphys is against superfluous words, euphemisms, and the misuse of pronouns such as 'raise up';
-He says that these are pretentious and add nothing to our language - 19Lynne Truss- Eats, Shoots and Leaves-'Proper punctuation is both the sign and the cause of clear thinking'
-Punctuation argued as linguistic determinism - 20Perk of PrescriptivismIt provides a central Standard English, making it easier for people globally to communicate
- 21Political Correctness Context; 1970s, movement-Emerged in the 1970s in America;
-Shared ground with the feminist movement of the time - 22Generic MasculineThe practice of using masculine forms of English to refer to all people
- 23Norman Tebbitt, 1985Non-Standard forms of language are linked to crime
This is plausible as inmates use non-standard language more than anyone else - 24Randolph QuickQuick advocates teaching Standard forms in school as a form of social empowerment
- 251362Under the reign of Edward III, English because the official language of England
- 26Max Muller on Language Decay'The history of Aryan language is nothing but a gradual process of decay'
- 27Sharon Goodman-English has become conversational
-Some people don't like this because they believe that this has made our language a device to manipulate one another - 28Against Political CorrectnessPC has resulted in a loss of freedom in our expression
- 29Great Vowel Shift As An Argument For DescriptivismThe Great Vowel Shift did not affect literacy rates or damage coherence of English
- 30LexifierThe most dominant language with an koin - Kerswill
- 31Gratuitous ModifiersModifiers that are unnecessary, such as 'lady driver' and 'black lawyer'
- 32Steven Pinker - The Euphemistic Treadmill-Perforation and semantic changes; where euphemisms use their euphemistic values and become negatively viewed upon
- 33Against Prescriptivism; succeededMany people have sought to standardise forms, but none have succeeded
- 34Political Correctness - Context (2); War, discrimination-PC stems back to World War I as a totalitarian ideology
-Tries not to endorse any forms of discrimination - 35Rebuttals Against Political Correctness; Utilitarian, confusion, freewill-The expense of the majority can be used for the minority
-Causes confusion and philosophical contradictions - evasion of freewill in our self-reflexive modern era - 36Cultural MarxismWhat PC objectively strives for - multiculturalism
- 37General View on Political Correctness TodayPC has been debunked by many today as they believe it to be impractical and totalitarian in approach
- 38Gender Neutral TermsUsually occupational terms that do not mark out gender identities, e.g. 'police worker', 'firefighter'
- 39Gate-Keeping TheoryWhat gets filtered into society's mainstream, governed by mass media or the state
- 40Psycholinguistics-The causes of change rooted with the minds of language users
-Not to do with any external, societal influences
-Mostly seen in phonological changes - easier forms of articulation are becoming the norms over time because of the subconscious decision to alter language - 41Ethnographic Methodologies-Fieldwork in a certain context investigated
-Data taken outside of natural context, such as interviews - 42Qualitative ResearchAnalysing examples of language use in detail and context
- 43QuantitativeStatistical analysis of data that has been gathered
- 44Chris Kramrae - Muted Group TheoryThe pattern of inferior groups, who are not free to say that they wish as their language has been formulated by the dominant group in society
- 45Synchronic & Diachronic ApproachesFerdinand De Sassure
- 46Sociolinguistic StudyStudy of the external factors affect language
- 47Swift and Miller's Pronoun Power ProposalEnglish Language only fits a white, male orthodoxy
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- Fichas sobre Attitudes Towards Language, creado por Emma Madden el 25/05/2013.
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- Emma Madden
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