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Flashcards

Attitudes Towards Language

Emma Madden Inglês 47 flashcards

Flashcards do conjunto (47)

  1. 1Oppositional ReadingOpposing view to the writer
  2. 2Preferred ReadingThe way the writer would want the text to be viewed
  3. 3Negotiated ViewAn on-the-fence view of the text
  4. 4Neville GwynneWe can only think in language, therefore, bad grammar means we are expressing something we don't mean, resulting in bad decisions, which leads to unhappiness
  5. 5Universality PositionAll humans share a common view of the world (conceptual primes) - reflectivist
  6. 6Morpheme Realisation'racism', 'racist' etc
  7. 7History of Political Correctness; Frankfurt, Fromm, CTThe Frankfurt School - school of neo-marxist thinkers established
    Fromm - first thinker that believed there was no difference between genders, but their differences were defined by their roles in society
    Critical Theory - the foundation of Political Correctness
  8. 8David Crystal - Swimming Against The TideChange is like the sea; prescriptivism is going against it
  9. 9Puttenham - 17th Century PrescriptivismUsual speech of the court was to be the selection for Standard English
  10. 10Jean Aitchison - Crumbling Castle optimumThis metaphor implies that English once reached an optimum. Yet this cannot be as not such date has been found
  11. 11Jean Aitchison - A Web of WorriesPrescriptivists have a 'web of worry' about language change, which is formed from being 'entangled' in opinions that aren't true
  12. 12Jean Aitchison - Damp Spoon Metaphor; informal, suitNeither informal or formal speech is superior; they are both just intrinsically different
    We fit speech to suit the situation
  13. 13Jessee Sheidlower Said That...'Descriptivist advice is an oxymoron'
  14. 14Frank Palmer Said That...'What is correct and what is not correct is only a matter of what is accepted by society'
  15. 15The Problem of Prescriptivism and LatinPrescriptivism is formed from Latin, therefore some rules today do not make sense or translate into English, such as split infinitives
  16. 16Jean Aitchison - The Damp Spoon Metaphor (2); lazinessThis is the belief that English language has changed due to laziness. However, Aitchison says that no language is lazy other than drunken language, and English has certainly not changed because of this
  17. 17Jean Aitchison - Infectious Disease MetaphorChanges in Language are not random, because people pick up changes that they want
  18. 18John Humphry's Prescriptivism; superfluous, pretention-Humphys is against superfluous words, euphemisms, and the misuse of pronouns such as 'raise up';
    -He says that these are pretentious and add nothing to our language
  19. 19Lynne Truss- Eats, Shoots and Leaves-'Proper punctuation is both the sign and the cause of clear thinking'
    -Punctuation argued as linguistic determinism
  20. 20Perk of PrescriptivismIt provides a central Standard English, making it easier for people globally to communicate
  21. 21Political Correctness Context; 1970s, movement-Emerged in the 1970s in America;
    -Shared ground with the feminist movement of the time
  22. 22Generic MasculineThe practice of using masculine forms of English to refer to all people
  23. 23Norman Tebbitt, 1985Non-Standard forms of language are linked to crime
    This is plausible as inmates use non-standard language more than anyone else
  24. 24Randolph QuickQuick advocates teaching Standard forms in school as a form of social empowerment
  25. 251362Under the reign of Edward III, English because the official language of England
  26. 26Max Muller on Language Decay'The history of Aryan language is nothing but a gradual process of decay'
  27. 27Sharon Goodman-English has become conversational
    -Some people don't like this because they believe that this has made our language a device to manipulate one another
  28. 28Against Political CorrectnessPC has resulted in a loss of freedom in our expression
  29. 29Great Vowel Shift As An Argument For DescriptivismThe Great Vowel Shift did not affect literacy rates or damage coherence of English
  30. 30LexifierThe most dominant language with an koin - Kerswill
  31. 31Gratuitous ModifiersModifiers that are unnecessary, such as 'lady driver' and 'black lawyer'
  32. 32Steven Pinker - The Euphemistic Treadmill-Perforation and semantic changes; where euphemisms use their euphemistic values and become negatively viewed upon
  33. 33Against Prescriptivism; succeededMany people have sought to standardise forms, but none have succeeded
  34. 34Political Correctness - Context (2); War, discrimination-PC stems back to World War I as a totalitarian ideology
    -Tries not to endorse any forms of discrimination
  35. 35Rebuttals Against Political Correctness; Utilitarian, confusion, freewill-The expense of the majority can be used for the minority
    -Causes confusion and philosophical contradictions - evasion of freewill in our self-reflexive modern era
  36. 36Cultural MarxismWhat PC objectively strives for - multiculturalism
  37. 37General View on Political Correctness TodayPC has been debunked by many today as they believe it to be impractical and totalitarian in approach
  38. 38Gender Neutral TermsUsually occupational terms that do not mark out gender identities, e.g. 'police worker', 'firefighter'
  39. 39Gate-Keeping TheoryWhat gets filtered into society's mainstream, governed by mass media or the state
  40. 40Psycholinguistics-The causes of change rooted with the minds of language users
    -Not to do with any external, societal influences
    -Mostly seen in phonological changes - easier forms of articulation are becoming the norms over time because of the subconscious decision to alter language
  41. 41Ethnographic Methodologies-Fieldwork in a certain context investigated
    -Data taken outside of natural context, such as interviews
  42. 42Qualitative ResearchAnalysing examples of language use in detail and context
  43. 43QuantitativeStatistical analysis of data that has been gathered
  44. 44Chris Kramrae - Muted Group TheoryThe pattern of inferior groups, who are not free to say that they wish as their language has been formulated by the dominant group in society
  45. 45Synchronic & Diachronic ApproachesFerdinand De Sassure
  46. 46Sociolinguistic StudyStudy of the external factors affect language
  47. 47Swift and Miller's Pronoun Power ProposalEnglish Language only fits a white, male orthodoxy

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FlashCards sobre Attitudes Towards Language, criado por Emma Madden em 25-05-2013.
Criado por
Emma Madden
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