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Behavioral Chapter 3
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- 1LearningProcess by which we acquire behaviors
- 2StimulusAnything we can respond to - forms basis for our learning
- 3HabituationDecrease in response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure
- 4DishabituationAn increase to response of original stimulus because of a secondary introduction to a stimulus (driving for a long period of time, then turning onto exit ramp increases your attention to road)
- 5Associative LearningCreation of a pairing or association between two stimuli or between a behavior and response
- 6Classical ConditioningUses instinctual biological responses to create a conditional reaction between 2 unrelated stimuli (Think Pavlov)
- 7Unconditioned ResponseBehavior present by nature or instinct; does not need to be taught (Ex: Dog salivating at smell of food); caused by unconditioned stimuli
- 8Unconditioned StimulusCauses unconditioned response
- 9Neutral StimuliStimuli that do not provoke an unconditioned response
- 10Conditioned ResponseA taught behavior that does not naturally or instinctively exist (Dog salivating at sound of a bell)
- 11Conditioned StimulusSomething that is normally a neutral stimulus, but through conditioning, elicits a conditioned response
- 12AcquisitionTurning a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus
- 13ExtinctionLoss of a conditioned response over time due to lack of use
- 14GeneralizationStimulus similar enough to conditioned stimulus can also elicit a response
- 15DiscriminationOpposite of generalization; learn to distinguish between 2 stimuli (Ex: If dogs learned to distinguish between different tones of bells, causing one to cause a response, but other not)
- 16Operant ConditioningLinks voluntary behaviors with consequences/ rewards to change frequency of behaviors
- 17ReinforcementProcess of increasing probability of a behavior occurring
- 18Positive ReinforcementIncrease behavior by adding something pleasant in response to a behavior (Ex: Getting a bonus at work)
- 19Negative ReinforcementIncreasing frequency of behavior by removing something unpleasant in response to behavior (Ex: Taking an asprin to remove a headache)
- 20Escape LearningLearning to reduce unpleasant experience of already existing thing
- 21Avoidance LearningLearning to reduce unpleasant experience of thing that is yet to occur
- 22Primary ReinforcerSomething that is naturally pleasant to person/ animal that is learning (Ex: Food for an animal)
- 23Conditioned ReinforcerA conditioned stimulus that is linked to something pleasant
- 24Discriminative StimulusIndicates that reward is possible in operant conditioning
- 25PunishmentProcess of reducing the frequency of a behavior
- 26Positive PunishmentAdding something unpleasant in response to a behavior to reduce its frequency (Ex: Physical Punishment)
- 27Negative PunishmentRemoving a positive experience in response to behavior to lower its frequency (Ex: Prison)
- 28Fixed Ratio ScheduleReinforcing behavior after a certain number of instances of behavior (Ex: Every 3 lever presses, rat is given food)
- 29Variable Ratio ScheduleReinforcing behavior after a different number of instances of behavior each time (Rewarding rat for 4, then 8, then 3 lever presses; Usually most effective)
- 30Fixed Interval ScheduleReinforcing Behavior only after specific time has elapsed (Rewarding a lever press every 60 seconds, but between 60 second intervals, nothing happens)
- 31Variable Interval ScheduleReinforcing behavior after variable periods of time elapse (Rewarding rat every 30 seconds, 20 seconds, 50 seconds, with no reinforcement in between)
- 32ShapingRewarding of increasingly specific behaviors (allows learning of complex behaviors)
- 33Latent LearningLearning without a reward, but once a reward is introduced, the skill is spontaneously demonstrated
- 34PreparednessEvolutionary/ Instinctual advantage to learning a skill (Birds are good at pecking, so easy to teach them to peck things)
- 35Instinctual DriftInstincts/ evolutionarily programmed behavior interferes with learning a new skill
- 36Observational LearningLearning behavior by observing others
- 37Mirror NeuronsNeurons in frontal/ parietal lobes that fire when we observe doing someone doing an action / experiencing an emotion that we are also doing/ experiencing
- 38ModelingBasing behaviors off of behavior of others to learn what is acceptable
- 39EncodingProcess of gaining new knowledge/ learning new things; divided into automatic processing and controlled processing
- 40Automatic ProcessingInformation that is processed without effort/ naturally
- 41Controlled (Effortful) ProcessingInformation that is gained through effort (Active learning)
- 42Visual EncodingMethod of controlled processing; visualize information or concept
- 43Acoustic EncodingMethod of controlled processing; storing the way something sounds
- 44Semantic EncodingMethod of controlled processing; putting concept into a meaningful context
- 45Self-reference EffectRecalling information best when put in a personal context
- 46Maintenance RehearsalRepetition of knowledge to store it in short-term memory, and eventually possibly long term memory
- 47MnemonicsMethods of memorizing things, particularly lists
- 48Method of LociVisualizing items in a list along a path that is well known (Ex: walking through your house)
- 49Peg-word SystemAssociates objects with numbers, allowing lists to be formed
- 50Sensory MemoryMost fleeting form of memory; consist of iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory
- 51Whole ReportBeing able to list everything experienced in sensory memory (difficult)
- 52Partial ReportBeing able to remember a subset of an experience from sensory memory (more doable)
- 53Short Term MemoryMemory from paying attention to our surroundings, usually lasts about 30 seconds; housed primarily in hippocampus
- 54Working MemoryAllows us to temporarily store information while also manipulating it for a short while (Ex: Doing mental math)
- 55Long Term MemoryLong term storage of information
- 56Elaborative RehearsalAllows us to move information from short term to long term memory by associating it with already known facts
- 57Implicit MemoryLong term memory that consists of our skills and conditioned responses
- 58Explicit MemoryLong term memory that require conscious recall
- 59Sematnic MemorySubset of explicit memory; consists of the facts we know
- 60Episodic MemorySubset of explicit memory; consists of our experiences
- 61MemoryProcess of storing information; divided into encoding, storage, and retrieval
- 62RetrievalRecalling information from memory, demonstrating that it has been learned
- 63RecognitionAbility to recognize something that was previously learned
- 64RecallAbility to retrieve information from long term memory and state it
- 65RelearningLearning something again after time has elapsed from learning it the first time
- 66Spacing EffectLarger the gap between learning something increases retention
- 67Semantic NetworkLearned information forms web-like structure in mind, where associated concepts are linked together
- 68Spreading ActivationOnce a piece of memory has been retrieved, associated pieces of memory also slightly activated
- 69PrimingRecall is facilitated by being presented with a word or phrase related to the concept
- 70Context EffectsRetrieval of memory easier when person is in similar environment to where they learned the information
- 71State Dependent MemoryRetrieval of memory easier when person is in the same mental state as they were when they learned information (Easier to recall information learned while drunk when drunk)
- 72Serial Position EffectWhen memorizing lists, people often able to remember initial and end parts of list most
- 73Primacy EffectRemembering the first portion of a list (stronger than recency effect)
- 74Recency EffectRemembering the last portion of a list (weaker than recency effect; aided by short-term memory, so less viable over time)
- 75Alzheimer's DiseaseDegenerative brain disorder that leads to loss of memory; marked by progressive dementia (loss of cognitive function); increased neurofibrillary tangles and beta amyloid plaques
- 76SundowningPhenomenon of Alzheimer's; patients show increase in dysfunction in morning and evening
- 77Korsakoff SyndromeForm of memory loss caused by low vitamin B levels
- 78Retrograde AmnesiaForgetting past memories
- 79Anterograde amnesiaInability to form new memories
- 80ConfabulationSymptom of Korsakoff's syndrome; process of creating vivid but fabricated memories
- 81AgnosiaLoss of ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds
- 82InterferenceRetrieval error due to existence of other, similar information
- 83Proactive InterferenceCurrently held knowledge makes learning something new difficult (learning a new telephone number difficult because of your old telephone number)
- 84Retroactive InformationLearning new information causes you to forget previously held information (Memorizing a new list might replace a similar old list)
- 85Aging and MemoryAging doesn't seem to negatively impact memory
- 86Prospective MemoryRemembering to perform a task in the future; older people seem to decline in prospective memory with respect to time, but not for events
- 87Misinformation EffectSeeing or experiencing something, but then receiving information that is related to the experience but slightly off, which can drastically alter the memory
- 88Source-monitoring ErrorConfusing semantic and episodic memory; often times, thinking that an event that happened (semantic) happened to you (episodic)
- 89NeuroplasticityAbility of neurons to be "plastic" and moldable and form new connections, allowing new connections and ideas to be made
- 90Neurobiology of MemoryLearning something actually causes a physical change in the brain and neurons
- 91Synaptic PruningWeak and unused neural connections broken while strong neural connections bolstered over time
- 92Long term potentiationWhen experiencing a stimulus, neurotransmitters released between neurons; repeated exposure to stimulus increases efficiency of neurotransmitter release, making recall of information easier
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- Fichas sobre Behavioral Chapter 3, creado por Andrew Min el 21/07/2018.
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