Fichas
Liver Function and Diseases of the Liver
Fichas del conjunto (52)
- 1List the functions of the liverdetoxifies alcohol, caffeine, drugs, and other toxins
Stores and processes nutrients following absorption
Converts CHO, Pr, fats (stored for later use)
Stores A, D, K, B12, folate, Ca, Fe
Metabolises Vit D
Metabolises proteins and therefore synthesises amino acids
Regulates hormones (conjugates hormones eg: Oestrogen thereby balances female sex hormones)
Regulates lipids (regulates cholesterol)
Manufactures bile and assits with fat emulsification
Assists with blood glucose control (via synthesis and storage of glycogen then binds to glucose and released as energy as needed - 2List the Sx of liver dysfunctionGeneral malaise
Fatigue < morning after eating
Anorexia
Nausea and vomiting
Poor tolerance to fatty foods and alcohol
Bloating and abdominal distension
Chronic constipation
Light coloured clay stools, greasy, whitish, floating and difficult to flush
Headaches and migraines
Poor concentration and memory
Depression, anxiety, mood swings, irritability
Itch skin and rashes
Oily or dry skin
Yellow skin
Allergies and intolerances
Chemical sensitivities
Sensitive to smells and light
Muschle pain and weakness
weight loss or gain
or difficult weight loss
Jaundice
Poor cholesterol metabolism
Hormonal disturbances
Right shoulder pain
URQ pain
Fatty liver - 3What are some factors which contribute to liver load?Nutrient insufficiencies
Leaky gut / intestinal wall hypermeability
Increased antigen and endotoxin load
Lipopolysacchharides from the cell walls of dead bacteria can promote inflammatory cytokines and may damage liver cells
Inflammation which reduces the activity of phase 2 enzymes - 4What are external factors that can cause liver disorders?Alcohol
Caffeine
Fatty foods
Chemicals from commercially grown foods
Hormone disruption
Water
Biological toxins
Heavy metals
Paramaceutical drugs
Inhaled toxins
topical applications
Environmental pollutants
Stress
Obesity
Weight loss
Decrease in bile flow
Infections
Metabolic disorders - 5What are the three detoxification pathways for the liver? What is number 1?1. Filtering the blood to remove large toxins
eg: bacteria, endotoxins, antigen antibody complexes
a healthy liver clears about 100% of bacteria and toxins from blood before it enters the circulation - 6What is the second way the liver detoxifies?Enzymatic breakdown of toxins
Chemical compounds, drugs, hormones, pesticides, enterotoxins
Phase 1 and 2 reactions - 7What is the 3rd detoxification pathway?Synthesizing and secreting bile
-Excreation of fat souble toxins and cholesterol
If bile is excreations are inhibited the toxins stay in the liver for longer subjecting it to damage - 8List the cholagogues and choleretics we can use to detoxify the liver?Andrographis paniculata - andrographis
Berberis vulgaris - barberry
Berberis Aquifolium - Oregan grape
Hydrastis canadensis - Golden seal
Chelidonium majus - calendine
Chionanthus virginicus - White fringe tree
curcuma longa - turmeric
Cynara scolymus - globe artichoke
Iris versicolour - Blue flag
Mentha piperita - peppermint
Peumus boldo - boldo
Tarax rad - Dandelion root - 9Hepatoprotective herbs?Andrographis paniculata - andrographis
Bupleurum falcatum - Bupleurum
Curcuma longa - turmeric
Cynara scolymus - globe artichoke
Rosmarinus officinalis - rosemary
Schisandra chinensis - schisandra
Silybum marianum - milk thistle - 10Hepato (tropho) restoriativesCynara scolymus - globe artichoke
Silybum marianum - Milk thistle - 11Hepatic detoxifierRosmarinus officinalis - rosemary
Schisandra chinensis - schisandra
Hypericum perforatum - St johns wort - 12Antioxidant herbsCamellia sinensis - Green tea
Curcuma longa - turmeric
Ginko biloba
Silybum marianum - milk thistle
Rosmarinus officinalis - rosemary
Schisandra chinensis - schisandra
Vitis vinifera - grape seed - 13What are the aims for detoxification?1. decrease toxic load
2. Repair the gut lining
3. Ensure regular bowel movements
4. Support and promote detoxification processes - 14How do you support the detoxification process?1. ensure the liver is functioning optimally by using hepatoprotectives, hepatorestoratives, hepatic detoxifiers
2. Ensure adequate bile flow by suing cholagogues adn choleretics
3. Antioxidants to mop up FRs produced by Phase 1
4. support phase 2 by using hepatic detoxifiers and nutrients
5. Consider also the kidney function and water intake - 15What herbs can we use to increase phase 1?1. Hypericum - st johns wort
2. Allium sativum - garlic
3. Schisandra
4. Rosemary -
5. Silybum mariniaum - Milk thistle - 16What herbs do we use to increase phase 2?Allium sativum - garlic
Humulus lupulus - hops
Tarax rad - Dandelion - 17What herbs do we use to increase phase 2?Schinadra
Rosemary
Humulus lupulus - hops
Tarax rad - dandelion root
Curcumin - Turmeric - 18How are toxic substances broken down in the liver?They are broken down by (metabolised) by enzyme pathways inside the liver cells
- 19Are many of the toxins that enter the body fat soluble or water soluble?Fat soluble
- 20Why are fat soluble toxins difficult for the body to excrete?They are difficult to excrete because they have a high affinity for fat tissues and cell membranes, which are made up of mostly fatty substances. In these fatty parts of the body, toxins may be stored for years, being released during times of exercise, stress or fasting.
- 21What are some symptoms that can occur when these toxins are released?Headaches
Poor memory
Stomach pain
nausesa
fatigue
dizziness
palpitations
Metabolic poisoning - 22how does the liver detoxify?There are two detoxification pathways inside the liver cells, which are called the phase 1 and phase 2
detoxification pathways - 23What are toxins?Metabolic end products
micro organisms
contamination /pollutants
insecticides
pesticides
food additives
drugs
alohol - 24Phase one detoxificaiton consits of...oxidation reduction and hydrolysis
- 25What is the name of the enzyme which catalyses phase 1?Cytochrome P450 or MFO (mixed function oxidase)
- 26Where do these enzymes live?on the membrane system of the liver cells (hepatocytes)
- 27When are P450 enzymes synthesised?Upon exposure to specific chemicals
- 28What does phase 1 do basically?Converts toxic chemicals into less harmful chemicals
- 29What happens during this process?oxidised reduction or hydrolysis of toxins produces free radicals
- 30Why are free radicals bad?They can damage cells
- 31What do vitamin C and E do to free radicals?They are antioxidants which reduce the damage caused by free radicals. If antioxidants are lacking and toxin exposure is high, toxin chemicals become far more dangerous.
- 32What happens if the P450 enzyme system becomes over reactive?This will result in high levels of damaging free radicals being produced
- 33What happens if these free radicals are not metabolised by the phase 2 conjugation process?They may cause damage to proteins, RNA, and DNA within the cells
- 34what are substances which can cause overactivity or induction of the P450 enzymes?Caffeine
Alcohol
Saturated fats
Pesticides
Paint fumes
Sulphonamides
exhaust fumes
Barbiturates - 35What are cofactors needed for phase 1 detoxification?NADH
Riboflavin
Niacin
Magnesium
Iron
Certain indoles from cruciferous veggies - 36What are substances that inhinbit cytochrome P450Many substances inhibit P450 cytochrome can cause substantial problems as it makes toxins potentially more damaging because they remain in the body longer before detoxification
- 37What does grape fruit do ?Decreases the rate of elimination of drugs from the blood and it has been found to substantially alter their clinical activity and toxicity. Eight ounces of grapefruit juice contains enough of the flavonoid naringenin to decrease cytochrome P450 activity by 30%
- 38What does curcumin do?Curcumin is a compound that gives turmeric is yellow colour. It inhibits phase 1 while stimulating phase II. This can prevent certain cancers. It lowers the activation of carinogens while increasing the detoxification of those that are activated.
- 39What happens to phase I as we age?The activity of phase I decreases as we age. Aging also decreases blood flow to the liver.
- 40What happens in Phase II?This is called the conjugation pathway, whereby the liver cells add another substance (cysteine, glycine or sulphur) to a toxic chemical or drug and render it harmless. This makes the toxin or drug water soluble so it can be excreted from the body via watery fluids such as bile or urine
- 41What are the major Phase II pathways?Glutathione
Sulphate
Glycine
Glucuronide conjugations
Through conjugation the liver is able to turn drugs, hormones, and varous toxins into water soluble exretions. - 42What do sulphur containing foods and amino acids do to the phase II?For efficient phase II detoxification, the liver cells require sulphur containing amino acids such as taurine and cystein. The nutrients glycine, glutamine, choline and inositol are also required for efficinet phase II detox.
- 43What are some sulphur containing foods?Eggs, cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, raw garlic , onions, leeks, shallots are all good sources of natural sulphur compounds to enhance phase II. They can be considered to have a cleansing action.
- 44There are two enxyme systems which work in phase II what are these?GT and GSH-T
- 45What is GTGultathione S transferase is the most powerful internal antioxidant and liver protector. It can be depleated by large amounts of toxins and drugs passing through the liver, as well as starvation or fasting.
- 46What are the required nutrients needed for phase II?Calcium d glucarate
Amino acids:
L-glutamine
L - Lysine
Glycine
L-carnitine
Taurine
Cruciferous vegetables
MSM
N-acetyl cysteine - 47How does toxic overload occur?If the phase one and two detoxification pathways become overloaded, there will be a build up of toxins in the body. Many of these toxins are fat soluble and incorporated themselves into fatty parts of the body where they may stay for years. The brain and the endocrine (hormonal ) glands are fatty organs, and are common sties for fat souble toxins to accumualte. This may result in symptoms of brain dysfunction and hormonal imbalances, such as infertility, breast pain, menstrual disturbances, adrenal gland exhaustion and early menopause. Many of these chemicals are carcinogenic and may cause cancer
- 48Bitter herbsbitter herbs are the corner stone of herbal medicine. A range of physiological responses occur following stimulation of the bitter receptors of the tongue. The bitter taste stimulates the specific bitter taste buds at the back of the tongue to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system to trigger a number of reflexes. These reflexes are important to the digetsive process and general health
- 49SialogoguesStimulate saliva to digest carbohydrates
- 50OrexogenicsStimulate hydrochloric acid to digest protein
- 51ChologoguesStimulate bile flow to digest fats
- 52More info on bittersThe stimulation of the flow of digestive juices from the exocrine glands of the mouth, stomach, pancreas, duodenum and liver, aid in digestion, absorption and assimilation of foods and nutrients. There is also a very mild stimulation of endocrine activites, especially insulin and glucagon secretion by the islets of langerhans in the pancreas therefore used to treat non insulin dependent diabetes. By promoting the flow of bile bitters assist the liver in its detoxifying capacity
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- 3rd Herbal Therapeutics Fichas sobre Liver Function and Diseases of the Liver, creado por carlymerlo el 12/08/2013.
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