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Ki Rai PSYCHOLOGY YEAR 2 Inglés 62 fichas

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  1. 1what is the critical periodthe age within which certain types of behaviour need to develop as to develop normally
  2. 2the critical period is also known as thesensitive period
  3. 3one example of imprinting is in ________ and what happensducklings, or geese by lorenz. will follow the first moving thing they see and will happen within the first few hours of hatching
  4. 4in what ways were songbirds similar to humansthey displayed hemispheric specialisation in that one hemisphere controls singing
  5. 5what did chaffinch find in his experiment in songbirdsaspects of the song changed depending on the area they settled (dialect), young birds sing basic version before acquiring dialect version, if isolated in critical period the bird will never learn a dialect
  6. 6who did an experiment into songbirdschaffinch
  7. 7who did an experiment into human language developmentlenneberg 1967
  8. 8what did lenneberg 1967 find in his experiment in language investigationfound there is a critical period inhuman language too. found biological events related to language (e.g. lateralisation) can only happen during a limited period of maturation, during this (until onset of puberty) linguistic input is necessary for normal language development
  9. 9one piece of evidence of a human critical period?genie
  10. 10two hypotheses explaining why its harder to learn a second language later in life?maturational state hypothesis
    exercise hypothesis
  11. 11explain maturational state hypothesisearly in life you have a superior capacity for acquiring languages, this declines w maturation and children are always better than adults in learning a second lang ((use it then lose it idea))
  12. 12explain exercise hypothesisif the capacity is exercised, further language learning capacity will remain intact and so it is not necessarily different between children and adults ((use it or lose it idea))
  13. 13what percentage of adults can learn perfectly5%
  14. 14are adults or children more likely to retain a foreign accentadults
  15. 15what experiment did johnson and newport do in 1989 and what did they findlooked at native chinese/korean speakers who moved to us, asked to listen to sentences and make grammaticality judgements. found 0-16 years on arrival, negative correlation between age of arrival and accuracy of judgement, 16-40 no correlation. when lang was learnt more important than length of exposure
  16. 16what correlated in terms of sign language acquisitionage of exposure correlated with syntactic ability
  17. 17evaluate the critical age hypothesischildren can acquire some lang outside of critical period, lateralisation doesnt occur entirely within CP, some aspects of lang develop better b4 critical age e.g. second lang or sign
  18. 18what two aspects of language seems to develop better when learned at a younger agesyntax and phonology
  19. 19what does LAD stand forlanguage acquisition device
  20. 20what does chomsky believe about language acquisitionthat it is guided by the innate device called LAD or UG aka universal grammar. the LAD provides the rules and principles that allow a child to learn any language in the world
  21. 21what is the most preferred and second most preferred word order?45% SOV
    42% SVO
  22. 22what does UG containlimited number of principles common to all languages, providing a limited range of options or parameters which can be set, explaining why there is variation amongst languages. this limits errors and explains speed of learning
  23. 23what is pidgin languageimprovised, when people from very diverse linguistic backgrounds want to communicate, very simplified language inc words sounds body lang
  24. 24what is creole languagenext generation pidgin, proper systematic and sophisticated language, contains rules not found in language from which pidgin was derived
  25. 25what is an example of spontaneous sign languageNicaraguan deaf children developed their own sign language with its
    own syntax
  26. 26four language acquisition theories?behaviourist
    nativist
    social
    cognitive
  27. 27what is the behaviourist account and who is includedskinner
    children learn language through imitation and reinforcement, new-borns are a blank slate aka tabula rasa
  28. 28what is the nativist account and who is includedchomsky
    language capacity (UG, LAD) is innate, children dont need explicit instruction not imitation or reinforcement
  29. 29what is the cognitive account and who is includedpiaget, vygotsky
    language development is driven by cognitive development
  30. 30what is the social account and who is includedbruner
    LASS (language acquisition socialisation/support system), mere exposure to lang isnt sufficient and must experience lang in social/interactive contexts (child directed speech, turn taking, mutual gaze)
  31. 31behaviour results from an interaction ofnature and nurture, but we need to determine to what extent its innate lang specific mechanisms or general purpose learning mechanisms
  32. 32evidence for behaviourismchildren imitate what they heard and receive reinforcement and negative evidence. they often use ungrammatical lang that they didnt hear before
  33. 33define u shaped learningnear perfect (instance based) > mistakes (overgeneralisation) > near perfect (exception to rule). occurs over time
  34. 34according to chomsky, linguistic input is bothdegenerate and insufficient
  35. 35in what way does chomsky see linguistic input to be degeneratefull of dysfluencies, mispronunciations, incomplete utterances, slips of the tongue
  36. 36in what way does chomsky see linguistic input to be insufficientchildren are not exposed to enough examples of grammatical constructions to work out the underlying rules and learn the grammar
  37. 37what does CDS stand for and what is itchild directed speech
    phonological diffs, slower, higher pitch, exaggerated, intonation, clearly segmented, shorted and simpler sentences, repetition, about here and now
  38. 38at 15 months you will know around how many words25
  39. 39at 5 years you will know around how many words10k-15k
  40. 40four main stages of lang devbabbling
    one word / holophrastic
    two word
    telegraphic
  41. 41explain ages, examples, and detail of babbling stage4-9 months, gagaga, universal sounds
  42. 42explain ages, examples, and detail of one word / holophrastic stage9 - 18 months
    mama, juice
    names and objects in baby's life and more lang specific
  43. 43explain ages, examples, and detail of two word stage18mo- 2 and a half yrs
    more juice, mama go
    usually N-N or N-V, beginning of syntax
  44. 44explain ages, examples, and detail of telegraphic stage2.5-4 yrs
    i drinked juice
    gramatical markers and function words often omitted, v quick progression
  45. 45what do foetuses hear before birthimpoverished sounds from the womb. high frequencies blocked by amniotic fluid so cant hear individual words but can hear prosody e.g. rhythm, stress, intonation, duration
  46. 46what experiment did DeCasper and Spence 1986 do into pre birth lang and what did they find16 mothers read cat in the hat twice a day during final 6.5 wks of pregnancy,
    tested when born: same or different (The king, the mice, & the cheese) story.
    New-borns preferred familiar story, can distinguish prosody.
  47. 47very young infants are predisposed to listen tospeech sounds and aware of fine distinctions bt them
  48. 48in an experiment by eimas and kuhl and meltzhoff into speech perception, what did they findless than one year olds were sensitive to speech sound distinctions that occur in other languages as well, over one year olds were sensitive to foreign contrasts diminished significantly ((are we pre-programmed to distinguish speech sounds))
  49. 49what are crying ,cooing, laughing etcstimulus controlled involuntary responses to emotional states. also universal containing all possible sounds
  50. 50what is fast mappingthe fact that children can learn new words for objects after only one exposure
  51. 51four names of evidence that children have predispositions when it comes to assigning meanings to soundswhole object
    mutual exclusivity assumption
    taxonomic constraint
    basic level category
  52. 52explain whole object ideaassume a word is a label that refers to the whole object rather than its parts or colour
  53. 53explain mutual exclusivity assumptionan object can only have one label
  54. 54explain taxonomic constraint ideaassumption that a word refers to a category of similar things e.g. overextensions
  55. 55explain basic level categoryassume that the word refers to the basic level (dog) rather than the superordinate (animal) or subordinate (poodle)
  56. 56define bootstrappingsyntactic clues to word naming;; using their knowledge of word formation rules and syntactic class to derive meanings of words
  57. 57what is grammar like at the one word stageuse the naming function of words, might sometimes convey a more complex message
  58. 58what is grammar like at the two word stagehave syntactic and semantic relationships, no syntactic or morphological markers (e.g. person, number, tense), focus on key words. same construction can serve several grammatical relations depending on the context
  59. 59what is grammar like at the telegraphic stagemean length of utterance of 2.5-3.5 morphemes are at this stage, firstly lack function words but with syntactic structure, then!! the grammatical function words and morphological inflections start to appear
  60. 60how do kids learn syntaxstimulus driven distributional analysis
    semantic bootstrapping idj ?
  61. 61how does the child infer the syntactic structureunderstanding who the agent is. agent (grammatical subject) acting on patient (grammatical object)
  62. 62what evidence shows rule-based linguistic morphological developmentberko-gleason wug test. children 5.5-7yrs applied plural rule and produced correct phonological form

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(2 psycholinguistics) PSYCHOLOGY YEAR 2 Fichas sobre three, creado por Ki Rai el 13/04/2019.
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